Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 2 (Sustainable Agriculture Reviews Book 21)

This book is the second volume on this topic within the series. With unique properties, nanomaterials are rapidly finding novel applications in many fields such as food, medicine, agriculture and pollution. Such applications include to treat cancer, nanosensors to detect food contamination, nanomaterials for food packaging, nanoencapsulation to preserve nutraceuticals, and nanofertilisers for advanced agriculture. After an introductory chapter on property rights of nanomaterials, readers will discover the applications of nanotechnology in food, health, environment, ecotoxicology and agriculture. Dedication 6 Preface 8 Contents 10 Contributors 12 About the Editors 16 Chapter 1: Intellectual Property Rights for Nanotechnology in Agriculture 19 1.1 Introduction 21 1.2 Intellectual Property Rights Related to Nanotechnology 22 1.2.1 United Nations 23 1.2.2 United States 24 1.2.3 European Union 26 1.2.4 India 28 1.3 Nanotechnology Applications 29 1.3.1 Nanopesticide and Nanofertilizer 30 1.3.2 Soil Improvement 30 1.3.3 Water Resource Management 30 1.3.4 Crop Improvement 32 1.3.5 Food Industry 32 1.3.6 Nanobiosensors 33 1.4 Agrinanotechnology Regulations in Major Countries 33 1.4.1 The United States 34 1.4.2 The European Union 34 1.4.3 India 35 1.5 Environmental Implications and Management 35 1.6 Limitation of nanotechnology for Intellectual Property Rights protection 37 1.7 Intellectual Property Rights Regulations for Nanoagritechnology 38 References 39 Chapter 2: Nanobiotechnology Methods to Incorporate Bioactive Compounds in Food Packaging 44 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Encapsulation of Bioactive Molecules 46 2.3 Lipid Nanoparticles 49 2.3.1 Liposomes 49 2.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 53 2.4 Micro and Nanoemulsions 55 2.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles 58 2.6 Nanofibers 63 2.7 Gels and Films 66 2.8 Nanocomposite Packaging 67 2.8.1 Active Nanocomposite Packaging 67 2.8.2 Smart Nanocomposite Packaging 68 2.8.3 Nanoreinforcements 68 2.9 Conclusion 69 References 70 Chapter 3: Nanotechnological Applications in Food Packaging, Sensors and Bioactive Delivery Systems 76 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Types of Nanomaterials 77 3.3 Manufacture of Nanomaterials 78 3.4 Application in Food Packaging 78 3.4.1 Types of Packaging 82 3.5 Application in Biosensor or Nanosensor 89 3.6 Application in Bioactive Delivery System or Nanoencapsulation 119 3.6.1 Biopolymer-Based Nanoparticle Fabrication: 121 3.6.1.1 Nanoprecipitation or Anti-solvent Precipitation or Solvent Displacement Technique 121 3.6.1.2 Emulsification-Solvent Evaporation Method 121 3.6.1.3 Supercritical Fluid Technology 122 3.6.1.4 Electrospinning and Electrospraying 122 3.6.2 Emulsification (Nanoemulsion) 123 3.6.3 Coacervation 124 3.6.4 Micelles and Reverse Micelles 124 3.6.5 Molecular Inclusion or Inclusion Complexation 124 3.6.6 Nano-liposomes or Liposomes 125 3.6.7 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 126 3.6.8 Nanostructured Lipid Carrier 127 3.6.8.1 Imperfectly Structured Solid Matrix 127 3.6.8.2 Structureless Solid Amorphous Matrix 127 3.6.8.3 Multiple Oil-in-Fat-in-Water Carriers 127 3.6.9 Hydrogel Nanoparticles (Nanogel) 128 3.7 Natural Food Constituents Processed/Formulated into Nanostructures (Nano-Nutraceuticals) 128 3.8 Conclusion 129 References 130 Chapter 4: Nanoencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds for Nutraceutical Food 146 4.1 Introduction 146 4.2 Vitamins, Surfactants, Proteins, Biocompatible Polymers, Lipids 151 4.2.1 β-Carotene-Surfactants 152 4.2.2 β-Carotene-Proteins & Starch 153 4.2.3 All-Trans Retinol-Lipids Nanoparticles 154 4.2.4 Vitamin D, Proteins, Biocompatible Polymer 155 4.2.5 Fucoxanthin-Biocompatible Polymer 155 4.3 Omega-3 Fatty Acid, Polysaccharides, Proteins, Biocompatible Polymer 156 4.3.1 Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Polysaccharide, Protein 157 4.3.2 Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Biocompatible Polymer 158 4.4 Spice Bioactives, Essential Oils, Polysaccharides, Proteins, Biocompatible Polymer, Lipids 158 4.4.1 Curcumin-Polysaccharides/Biocompatible Polymer/Lipids 159 4.4.2 Curcumin-Proteins 161 4.4.3 Curcumin-Lipids 162 4.4.4 Essential Oilss from Different Spices 162 4.5 Opportunities and Challenges 163 4.6 Future Trends 167 4.7 Conclusion 167 References 168 Chapter 5: Biofortification of Food with Minerals and Vitamins Encapsulated in Silica 174 5.1 Introduction 175 5.2 Micronutrient Deficiencies in Developing Countries 175 5.3 Consequences of Micronutrients Deficiencies 176 5.4 Causes of Micronutrient Deficiency 177 5.5 Dietary Reference Intakes 177 5.6 Bioavailability of Nutrients 178 5.7 Essential Nutrients and Importance of Vitamins and Minerals 178 5.8 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 179 5.9 Water-Soluble Vitamins 186 5.10 Minerals 189 5.11 Silica as a Nutrient 193 5.12 Silica as a Carrier Molecule 194 5.13 Silica as a Carrier for Delivery of Nutrients 195 5.14 Experimental Section 195 5.14.1 Loading of Fat Soluble Nutrients onto Silica 195 5.14.2 In-Vitro Release Studies of Fat Soluble Vitamins 196 5.14.3 Loading of Water Soluble Nutrients onto Silica 197 5.15 Loading of Calcium onto Silica 198 5.16 Loading of Iron onto Silica 198 5.16.1 In-Vitro Release Studies of Water Soluble Vitamins 199 5.17 Results and Discussion 200 5.17.1 Characterization and Analysis of Fat Soluble Nutrients on Silica Matrix 200 5.17.2 Stability Studies of Fat Soluble Vitamins–Silica Complex 204 5.18 Zeta Potential Measurements 204 5.18.1 Release Profile Studies of Fat Soluble Vitamins from Silica Matrix 205 5.18.2 Discussion 208 5.18.3 Analysis of Water Soluble Nutrients on Silica Matrix 210 5.18.4 Release Profile Studies of Water Soluble Vitamins from Silica Matrix 214 5.18.5 Discussion –Water Soluble Vitamin Silica Complex 216 5.19 Conclusion 217 References 217 Chapter 6: Nanomaterials for Monitoring and Remediation of Water Pollution 224 6.1 Introduction 224 6.2 Application of Nanomaterials in Water and Wastewater Treatment 226 6.2.1 Nanofiltration Membranes 226 6.2.2 Nanophotocatalytic Materials 232 6.2.3 Nanoadsorption Materials 235 6.2.3.1 Carbon Based Nanoadsorbents 235 6.2.3.2 Metal Based Nanoadsorbents 237 6.2.3.3 Polymeric Nanoadsorbents 238 6.2.4 Nanoreducing Materials 239 6.3 Applications of Nanomaterials for Water Quality Monitoring 242 6.4 Challenges of Applying Nanomaterials in Water Quality Management 243 6.5 Conclusion 243 References 244 Chapter 7: Phytochemically Functionalized Silver and Gold Nanoparticles to Treat Microbes, Viruses and Cancer 251 7.1 Introduction 252 7.2 Phytochemical Synthesis 252 7.3 Size, Shape and Surface Characterization of Nanoparticles 257 7.4 Effect of Morphology or Size and Shape on the Bioactivity of Nanoparticles 258 7.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoparticles 259 7.6 Antiviral Activity of Nanoparticles 261 7.7 Anticancer Activity of Nanoparticles 261 7.8 Limitations 263 7.9 Conclusion 263 References 264 Chapter 8: Nanotechnology for the Detection and Diagnosis of Plant Pathogens 269 8.1 Introduction 270 8.2 Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostic Systems 272 8.2.1 Functional Quantum Dot Nanoparticles Based Diagnostic System 273 8.2.2 Metal Nanoparticles Based Diagnostic System 276 8.2.3 Nanostructured Platforms Based Diagnostic System 279 8.2.4 Nanofabrication Imaging 282 8.2.5 Nanobiosensor Based Diagnostic System 284 8.2.6 Nanopore System 286 8.2.7 Nanodiagonastic Kit Based Equipment System 287 8.3 Conclusion 288 References 288 Chapter 9: Nanoparticle Toxicity in Water, Soil, Microbes, Plant and Animals 293 9.1 Introduction 293 9.2 Nanotechnology, an Old Concept 294 9.3 Distinguishing Properties of Nanoparticles 299 9.4 Effect of Nanoparticles on the Environment 299 9.4.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Atmosphere 300 9.4.2 Effect on Soil 301 9.4.3 Effect of Nanoparticle on Water 301 9.4.4 Effect of Nanoparticles on Food Chain 302 9.4.5 Effect of Nanoparticles on Agriculture Production 302 9.5 Effect of Nanoparticles on Microbes 302 9.5.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria (Cyanobacteria & Others) 305 9.5.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria 306 9.5.3 Effect of Nanoparticles on Eukaryotes 306 9.6 Effect of Nanoparticles on Plants 306 9.6.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Algae & Diatom (Lower Plants) 306 9.6.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Marine Phytoplanktons 307 9.7 Effect of Nanoparticles on Higher Plants 307 9.7.1 Phytotoxicity by Nanoparticles 308 9.7.2 Genotoxicity by Nanoparticles 308 9.8 Effect of Nanoparticles on Aquatic Organisms 310 9.9 Effect of Nanoparticles on Terrestrial Organisms 311 9.9.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Terrestrial Invertebrates 311 9.9.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Annelids 311 9.9.3 Effect of Nanoparticles on Vertebrates 312 9.9.4 Effect of Nanoparticles on Amphibians 312 9.9.5 Effect of Nanoparticles on Mammals 312 9.10 Conclusion 316 References 317 Chapter 10: Nanoparticles in Water, Soils and Agriculture 326 10.1 Introduction 326 10.1.1 Nanoparticles in Agroecosystems 327 10.1.1.1 Nanoparticles in Soils 329 10.1.1.2 Nanoparticles and Soil Microbial Community 332 10.1.1.3 Phytotoxicity of Nanoparticles 336 10.1.1.4 Nanoparticles in Water 342 10.1.1.5 Nanofertilizers 344 10.1.2 Towards Nanotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture 351 10.2 Conclusion 353 References 353 Index 374 Nanomaterials with unique properties are currently dramatically improving agriculture and food production. This book is the second on Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture published within the series Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. The chapters address four major topics of applied nanotechnology: food, health, pollution and agriculture. Intellectual property rights of nanotechnologies in food and agriculture are reviewed in the first chapter by Chowdhury et al. Then Brandelli et al. explain the use of nano-encapsulated materials for food packaging in chapter 2. The safety of future food is addressed by Purkayastha and Manhar who review nanosensors for packaging in chapter 3. To improve the quality of food both for nutrition and health, Rao and Naidu discuss the nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds in chapter 4. Such use of nutraceuticals is exemplified by Singh et al. who describe food fortification of vitamins and minerals encapsulated in silica in chapter 5. Nanotechnology for pollutant detection and removal is reviewed in chapter 6 by Xing-yan Xue et al. The treatment of cancer and other human illnesses using silver nanoparticles is discussed by Kumar and Smita. in chapter 7. Plant illness is then addressed by Kashyap et al. who present the detection of plant pathogens by nanotechnologies in chapter 8. The ecotoxicology of nanomaterials is addressed by Khan et al. who discuss to the toxicity of nanoparticles in soil, microbes, plants and animals in chapter 9. Nanoparticles for sustainable agroecosystems are then presented by Belal and El-Ramady in the last chapter Front Matter....Pages i-xvii Intellectual Property Rights for Nanotechnology in Agriculture....Pages 1-25 Nanobiotechnology Methods to Incorporate Bioactive Compounds in Food Packaging....Pages 27-58 Nanotechnological Applications in Food Packaging, Sensors and Bioactive Delivery Systems....Pages 59-128 Nanoencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds for Nutraceutical Food....Pages 129-156 Biofortification of Food with Minerals and Vitamins Encapsulated in Silica....Pages 157-206 Nanomaterials for Monitoring and Remediation of Water Pollution....Pages 207-233 Phytochemically Functionalized Silver and Gold Nanoparticles to Treat Microbes, Viruses and Cancer....Pages 235-252 Nanotechnology for the Detection and Diagnosis of Plant Pathogens....Pages 253-276 Nanoparticle Toxicity in Water, Soil, Microbes, Plant and Animals....Pages 277-309 Nanoparticles in Water, Soils and Agriculture....Pages 311-358 Back Matter....Pages 359-373