نانومواد - کاربردها در سیستم‌های تولید بیو سوخت و بیو انرژی

Front Cover Nanomaterials Copyright Page Contents List of contributors I. Introduction to Nanomaterials 1 Introduction to nanomaterials 1.1 Bioenergy and biofuel 1.2 Nanotechnology 1.3 Nanocatalysts in biofuel production systems 1.4 Performance of nanoparticles in biofuel production systems 1.5 Conclusion References 2 Recent advancements and challenges of nanomaterials application in biofuel production 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Biofuels 2.1.1.1 Bioethanol 2.1.1.2 Biohydrogen (bioH2) 2.1.1.3 Biogas 2.1.1.4 Bioelectricity 2.1.1.5 Biodiesel 2.1.2 Biofuel global view 2.2 Nanotechnological solution 2.2.1 Nanomaterials used in biofuel production 2.2.2 Types of nanomaterials 2.2.2.1 Magnetic nanoparticles 2.2.2.2 Carbon nanotubes 2.2.3 Preparation and fabrication of nanomaterials 2.2.4 Factors affecting the production of biofuel mediated through nanomaterials 2.2.4.1 Temperature and pressure 2.2.4.2 pH 2.2.4.3 Size and concentration of nanoparticles 2.2.4.4 Nanoparticles acting as nanocarriers 2.3 Potential engineered nanomaterials for biofuel production 2.3.1 Bioethanol production 2.3.2 Biohydrogen production 2.3.3 Biogas production 2.3.4 Bioelectricity production 2.3.5 Biodiesel production 2.4 Recent developments and applications 2.4.1 Recent developments 2.4.1.1 Scale up of biodiesel production through the application of nanobiocatalysts 2.4.2 Applications 2.4.2.1 Zerovalent iron nanoparticles 2.4.2.2 Metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles 2.4.2.3 Carbon-based nanomaterials 2.5 Human health and environmental safety assessment of nanomaterials used for biofuel production 2.5.1 Life cycle evaluation in high-risk applications 2.5.2 Impact of nanomaterials on the human body 2.5.3 Hazardousness of nanomaterials 2.5.4 Toxicity 2.6 Conclusions and future perspectives Acknowledgments References 3 Sustainable energy production using nanomaterials and nanotechnology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Size of matter in the nanoscopic range 3.3 Application of nanotechnology in solar cells and solar fuels 3.4 Analysis of strength related to nanosubstances 3.5 Conclusion References II. Synthesis of Nanomaterials 4 Green technologies for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles and their applications for environmental sustainability 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Green synthesis of nanoparticles 4.3 Preparation of plant extract 4.4 Mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis from plant extract and its characterization 4.5 Preparation of microbial biomass 4.6 Mechanism of microbial synthesis of nanoparticles and their characterization 4.7 Application of biosynthesized nanoparticles for environmental sustainability 4.8 Advantages and future prospects 4.9 Conclusions References 5 Green synthesis of nanoparticles—metals and their oxides 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Why use green synthesis of nanoparticles? 5.3 Synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles 5.4 Routes for green synthesis 5.4.1 Synthesis using plant parts 5.4.2 Synthesis using bacteria 5.4.3 Synthesis using algae and fungi 5.5 General applications of nanoparticles obtained from green synthesis 5.6 Applications of nanoparticles in biofuels 5.7 Conclusion Abbreviations References 6 Synthesis of nanomaterials for biofuel and bioenergy applications 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Size and shape matter 6.1.2 Surface area to volume ratio 6.1.3 Incorporating bioactive components in biofuel conversion 6.1.4 Facile synthesis 6.2 Global market size of biofuels 6.2.1 Market share across the globe 6.2.2 Laws and regulations 6.2.3 Resource and environment dynamics accelerating biofuel dependence 6.2.3.1 Bioethanol 6.2.3.2 Biodiesel 6.3 Brief notes on biofuel and its types 6.3.1 Generations of biofuel 6.3.2 Types of biofuels 6.3.2.1 Bioethanol 6.3.2.2 Biodiesel 6.3.2.3 Fuel cells 6.3.2.4 Biogas 6.3.2.5 Biohydrogen 6.4 Two approaches to synthesizing nanoparticles 6.4.1 Top-down approaches 6.4.1.1 Ball-milling method 6.4.1.2 Inert gas condensation 6.4.1.3 Aerosol synthesis 6.4.1.4 Pyrolysis 6.4.1.5 Vapor deposition Sputtering Electron beam evaporation Vacuum arc vapor deposition Laser-assisted (LA) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) 6.4.1.6 Explosion process 6.4.1.7 Thermal/laser ablation 6.4.1.8 Chemical etching 6.4.2 Bottom-up approach 6.4.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and plasma-assisted CVD 6.4.2.2 Coprecipitation methods 6.4.2.3 Sol–gel process 6.4.2.4 Stöber’s process 6.4.2.5 Chemical reduction of metallic salts 6.4.2.6 Polyol process 6.4.2.7 Bioreduction (green synthesis) Green synthesis of NPs, advantages and disadvantages, and relevance to biofuel production 6.4.2.8 Electrochemical deposition 6.5 Current research trends and common approaches 6.5.1 Nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalysts 6.5.2 Nanoparticles as substrates for immobilizing enzymes 6.5.3 Hybrid nanoparticles for the entrapment method of whole-cell catalyst or enzyme-capsule nanosubstrates 6.5.4 Nanoparticles as an enhancing ingredient for biogas and hydrogen production 6.6 Conclusion References 7 Green approaches for nanoparticle synthesis: emerging trends 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Types of nanoparticles 7.2.1 Carbon-based nanoparticles 7.2.2 Ceramic nanoparticles 7.2.3 Metal nanoparticles 7.2.4 Semiconductor nanoparticles 7.2.5 Polymeric nanoparticles 7.2.6 Lipid-based nanoparticles 7.3 Synthesis of nanoparticles 7.3.1 Chemical methods 7.3.2 Physical methods 7.3.3 Photochemical methods 7.3.4 Biological methods 7.3.4.1 Plants as nanofactories for nanoparticle production 7.3.4.2 Algae as nanofactories for nanoparticle production 7.3.4.3 Microorganisms as nanofactories for nanoparticle production 7.4 Nanoparticles for biofuels and bioenergy 7.5 Advantages of biologically synthesized nanoparticles 7.6 Conclusion References 8 Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their applications in the area of bioenergy and biofuel production 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Nanomaterials for biofuel and bioenergy production 8.3 Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles 8.4 Metallic oxide nanoparticles 8.4.1 Calcium oxide nanoparticles 8.4.2 Magnesium nanoparticles 8.4.3 Metal oxide nanoparticle-mediated biofuel production 8.4.4 Zinc oxide nanoparticles 8.4.5 Performance of nanocatalysts 8.4.6 Titanium oxide nanoparticles 8.4.7 Production of biofuel by biogenically synthesized algae-based nanoparticles 8.4.8 Role of nanotechnology in the cultivation of algae and induction of lipid 8.4.9 Nanoparticle-associated bioethanol formation 8.4.10 Nanoparticle-mediated biogas production 8.5 Conclusion References 9 Gold nanoparticles: Synthesis and applications in biofuel production 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Synthesis of gold nanoparticles 9.2.1 Chemical methods 9.2.2 Turkevich method 9.2.3 Brust-Schiffrin method 9.2.4 Electrochemical method 9.2.5 Seeding growth method 9.2.6 Ionic liquids method 9.2.7 Sonochemical method 9.2.8 Biological method 9.3 Nanotechnology in biofuel production 9.3.1 Nanocatalysts in biodiesel production 9.3.2 Nanocatalysts in bioethanol production 9.3.3 Nanotechnology in biogas production 9.3.4 Nanoparticles in bioenergy production 9.4 Conclusion 9.5 Future perspective References 10 Green synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials for biofuel production 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials 10.3 Green synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials 10.4 Mechanism of green synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials 10.5 Characterization of metal oxide nanomaterials 10.6 ZnO-based catalysts for biofuel production 10.7 Future prospects 10.8 Conclusion References 11 Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: a review 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Characteristics of nanoparticles 11.3 Synthesis of nanoparticles 11.4 Formation of nanoparticles 11.4.1 By microorganisms 11.4.2 By waste material 11.4.2.1 From fruit waste 11.4.2.2 From weeds 11.4.2.3 From eggshell and rice husk 11.4.2.4 From animal waste 11.4.2.5 From e-waste 11.5 Nanoparticle applications 11.5.1 Drug delivery 11.5.2 Biosensors 11.5.3 Sorting and molecule detection by magnetic particles 11.5.4 Reaction (rate) enhancement factor 11.5.5 Antibacterial action 11.5.6 Antifungal action 11.5.7 Antiparasitic action 11.5.8 Antifouling action 11.6 Production of bioethanol and biodiesel using nanotechnology 11.6.1 Nanotechnology for biofuel production from butchery waste 11.6.2 Nanotechnology for biofuel production from spent tea 11.6.3 Nanofarming technology for obtaining biofuel from algal biomass 11.6.4 Nanotechnology advances for biogas production 11.7 Conclusion 11.8 Future perspectives References 12 Green synthesis of nanoparticles from microbes and their prospective applications 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Green sources of nanoparticles 12.3 Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles 12.4 Microbial metabolites for synthesizing nanoparticles 12.5 Enzyme-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles 12.6 Pigment-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles 12.7 Mechanism of microbe-mediated nanoparticle synthesis 12.8 Restrictions of biological techniques in nanoparticle synthesis 12.9 Applications of nanoparticles in biofuel production 12.10 Further applications of microbial nanoparticles 12.11 Conclusions Acknowledgments References III. Characterization of Nanomaterials 13 Several assorted characterization methods of nanoparticles 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Nanoparticles 13.2 Characterization of nanomaterials 13.2.1 Chemical characterization of nanomaterials 13.2.2 Structural characterization 13.2.3 Bragg’s law 13.2.4 Microscopic methods of characterization 13.2.4.1 Scanning electron microscope 13.2.4.2 Scanning tunneling microscope 13.2.4.3 Transmission electron microscope 13.2.4.4 Atomic force microscope 13.2.5 Spectroscopic methods of characterization 13.2.5.1 Fourier transform infrared spectrometry 13.2.5.2 X-ray diffraction 13.2.5.3 Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis 13.2.5.4 UV–visible spectroscopy 13.3 Conclusion 14 Physicochemical characterization of nanomaterials for production of biofuel and bioenergy 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Nanoparticles 14.3 Classification of nanoparticles based on their dimensions 14.3.1 Zero-dimensional nanoparticles (0-D) 14.3.2 One-dimensional nanoparticles (1-D) 14.3.3 Two-dimensional nanoparticles (2-D) 14.3.4 Three-dimensional nanoparticles (3-D) 14.4 Characterization techniques 14.4.1 UV–visible spectroscopy 14.4.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 14.4.3 Morphology 14.4.3.1 Scanning electron microscopy 14.4.3.2 Transmission electron microscopy 14.4.3.3 High-resolution transmission electron microscopy 14.4.3.4 Atomic force microscopy 14.4.4 Energy dispersive X-ray spectra 14.4.5 Dynamic light scattering 14.4.6 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 14.4.7 Thermogravimetric analysis 14.4.8 X-ray diffraction 14.4.9 Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry 14.4.10 Vibrating sample magnetometry 14.4.11 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller 14.5 Conclusion References IV. Applications of Nanomaterials in Biofuel and Bioenergy 15 Application of nanoengineered materials for bioenergy production 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Types of biofuels 15.3 Advantages of nanoengineered materials in bioenergy production 15.4 Application of nanoengineered materials for bioenergy production 15.4.1 Lignocellulose 15.4.2 Starch 15.4.3 Chitin and chitosan 15.4.4 Soy protein 15.4.5 Microalgae 15.4.6 Metal oxides 15.4.7 Carbon-based nanoparticles 15.5 Conclusions and future perspectives Acknowledgment References 16 Application of nanotechnology in the production of bioenergy from algal biomass: opportunities and challenges 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Global scenario of conventional energy resources 16.3 Necessity of bioenergy production 16.4 Production of bioenergy from microalgal biomass 16.4.1 Microalgae: structure and composition 16.4.2 Microalgal culture and growth conditions 16.4.3 Cultivation of microalgae 16.4.3.1 Open cultivation systems 16.4.3.2 Photobioreactors and fermenters 16.4.4 Microalgal harvesting 16.4.5 Microalgal biomass conversion to biofuel 16.5 Nanotechnology and its application in the bioenergy production process 16.6 Role of nanotechnology in augmenting bioenergy production 16.7 Opportunities 16.7.1 Production of energy from renewable microalgal biomass 16.7.2 Sustainable form of energy and environmental protection 16.7.3 Energy production and economic feasibility 16.7.4 Efficient energy production process 16.8 Challenges 16.9 Summary References 17 Comprehensive review of the prospectives and development for the production of bioalcohols using nanoparticles 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Role of nanoparticles in bioalcohol production 17.3 Potential effects of nanoparticles in bioethanol production 17.4 Role of novel sources on nanoparticle-assisted bioalcohol production 17.5 Conclusion References 18 Current trend in the application of nanomaterials in biofuel and bioenergy 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Utilization of biofuel on a global scale 18.3 Nanotechnology in biofuel production 18.4 Nanostructures used in biodiesel production 18.5 Conclusion References 19 Application of nanotechnology for the sustainable development of algal biofuel industries 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Global view of biofuel 19.3 Nanotechnology solutions 19.4 Nanotechnology in biofuel productions 19.4.1 Process of converting biomass into biofuel 19.4.2 Nanocatalyst in biofuel production 19.4.3 Application of nanomaterials in the purification process/harvesting process 19.5 Crude glycerol production 19.5.1 Application of crude glycerol 19.6 Conclusion References 20 Nanocatalyst-mediated biodiesel production from microalgae: sustainable renewable energy feedstock 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Microalgae: renewable energy feedstock 20.3 Nanoengineering approaches for the cultivation of biomass 20.4 Nanoengineering approaches for the harvesting of biomass 20.5 Nanoengineering approaches for microalgae biomass conversion to biodiesels 20.6 Advantages 20.7 Limitations 20.8 Economic and environmental challenges 20.9 Conclusion References 21 A novel approach to biodiesel production and its function attribute improvement: nano-immobilized biocatalysts, nanoaddi... 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Nano-immobilization of lipase 21.2.1 Lipase immobilization using nanoparticles 21.2.1.1 Nonmagnetic nanoparticles 21.2.1.2 Magnetic nanoparticles 21.2.1.3 Lipase immobilization using carbon nanotubes 21.2.1.4 Lipase immobilization using electrospun nanofibers 21.3 Biodiesel manufacturing using nano-immobilized lipase 21.4 Influence of nanoadditives on biodiesel attributes in diesel engines 21.5 Improvisation characteristics of biofuel using potential nanoadditives 21.6 Stability attributes of biodiesel emulsions blended with nanoadditives 21.7 Working attributes of diesel engine using nanoadditive-blended biodiesel fuels 21.8 Risk management on the use of nanotechnologies in biofuels 21.9 Risk assessment and management of the use of nanomaterials in biofuels 21.10 Conclusion References 22 Application of nanotechnology toward improved production of sustainable bioenergy 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Biomass for biofuel production 22.2.1 Conversion of biomass to biofuel 22.2.2 Classification of biofuel 22.2.2.1 Conventional (i.e., first-generation) biofuels 22.3 Production and consumption of bioenergy and biofuel: a global perspective 22.4 Nanotechnological solutions 22.4.1 Nanotechnology in biogas production 22.4.2 Nanotechnology in bioethanol production 22.4.3 Nanotechnology in biodiesel production 22.4.4 Nanotechnology in hydrogen production 22.5 Safety issues related to nanotechnology 22.6 Conclusion References 23 Nanomaterials obtained from renewable resources and their application as catalysts in biodiesel synthesis 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Nanomaterial synthesis methods 23.2.1 Hydrothermal conventional method 23.2.2 Coprecipitation method 23.2.3 Thermal decomposition 23.3 Characterizing nanocatalysts 23.3.1 Compositional characterization 23.3.2 Structural characterization 23.3.2.1 X-ray diffraction 23.3.2.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 23.3.3 Morphological characterization 23.4 Nanocatalyst in biodiesel synthesis: optimization process 23.4.1 Catalyst amount 23.4.2 Reaction time 23.4.3 Temperature 23.4.4 Alcohol/oil molar ratio 23.4.5 Alcohol 24.5 Conclusions References 24 Nanotechnology’s contribution to next-generation bioenergy production 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Liquid biofuels 24.3 Biofuels market at a global level 24.4 Introduction to nanotechnology 24.5 Nanotechnology for a sustainable environment 24.6 Nanomaterials and technology for water treatment 24.7 Nanotechnology for clean energy production 24.8 Nanotechnology for greenhouse gases management 24.9 Public anxiety over nanotechnology 25.10 Conclusion and future perspectives References 25 A nano-based biofuel: remedy to boost a sustainable and greener environment 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Nanotechnology in the conversion of biomass 25.3 Sustainability of biofuel industries 25.4 Eco-friendly green environment 25.5 Nanotechnology in bioethanol/biobutanol production 25.6 Nanotechnology in bioenergy production 25.7 Nanotechnology in biogas production 25.8 Impact of various factors that affect nanoparticles in biofuel production processes 25.8.1 The synthesis approach 25.8.2 Temperature in nanoparticle synthesis 25.8.3 Pressure in nanoparticle synthesis 25.8.4 pH in nanoparticle synthesis 25.9 Current technologies and their impacts 25.10 Future prospects 26.11 Conclusion References 26 Advances in nanotechnology for biofuel production 26.1 Introduction 26.1.1 Debate on biofuel versus fossil fuel 26.1.2 Nanotechnology: an answer 26.2 Processes of biofuel production 26.2.1 Catalytic and noncatalytic processes 26.2.2 Advantages of catalysis processes 26.3 Applications of nanocatalysts in biofuel production and their significance 26.4 Types of nanocatalysts 26.4.1 Base nanocatalysts 26.4.2 Acid nanocatalysts 26.4.3 Bifunctional nanocatalysts 26.4.4 Epoxidation nanocatalysts 26.5 Methods of preparation of nanocatalysts 26.5.1 Pros and cons of nanocatalyst preparation using top-down and bottom-up processes 26.6 Future prospects of nanotechnology in biofuel production 26.7 Conclusion References 27 Nanotechnology as an omnipotent optimizer/enhancer in biofuel production, processing, and combustion 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Types of nanocomposites used in biofuel production 27.2.1 Metallic nanoparticles 27.2.2 Magnetic nanoparticles 27.2.3 Silica nanoparticles 27.2.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials 27.3 Conclusion References 28 Application of nanomaterials in the production of biofuels and bioenergy: challenges and opportunities 28.1 Introduction 28.1.1 Biofuels 28.1.1.1 Biogas 28.1.1.2 Biodiesel 28.1.2 Bioenergy 28.2 Biofuel 28.2.1 Markets for biofuels, production, and trade 28.2.2 Role of domestic policies in the development of the biofuel market 28.2.3 Trade and growth consequences 28.3 Bioenergy 28.3.1 Expedient of biomass and perspectives 28.3.2 Bioenergy routes and technology accounting 28.3.3 Markets in biomass and bioenergy 28.3.4 Objectives of bioenergy and policies 28.4 Applications of nanomaterials in biofuel and bioenergy 28.4.1 Nanomaterials in biofuel 28.4.2 Nanomaterials as a green catalyst for bioenergy conversion 28.4.3 Application of nanoparticles in biofuels 28.5 Conclusion References 29 Applications of nanomaterials in biofuel and bioenergy 29.1 Introduction 29.1.1 Biohydrogen production 29.1.2 Biogas 29.1.2.1 Hydrolysis 29.1.2.2 Acidogenesis 29.1.2.3 Acetogenesis 29.1.2.4 Methanogenesis 29.1.3 Biodiesel 29.1.4 Bioethanol 29.1.4.1 Pretreatment 29.1.4.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis 29.1.4.3 Fermentation and ethanol production 29.2 Nanocatalysts 29.2.1 Metal oxide nanocatalyst 29.2.2 Metal oxide reinforced using metal nanocatalyst 29.2.3 Alloy 29.2.4 Metal oxide-supported metal oxide nanocatalyst 29.2.4.1 Base mixed metal oxide catalyst 29.2.4.2 Acid mixed metal oxide nanocatalyst 29.3 Nanomaterials 29.3.1 CaO nanoparticles 29.3.1.1 Preparation of CaO nanoparticles 29.3.1.2 Approach to the transesterification reaction 29.3.2 TiO2 nanoparticles 29.3.2.1 Statistical analysis 29.3.2.2 Advantages of biodiesel 29.3.2.3 Disadvantages of biodiesel 29.3.3 Magnetic Fe3O4 29.3.3.1 Preparation of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles 29.3.3.2 Nanoparticles immobilized with lipases 29.3.3.3 Transesterification reaction 29.3.4 Hematite nanoparticles 29.3.4.1 Synthesis of hematite nanoparticles 29.3.4.2 Experimental procedures 29.3.4.3 Model analysis 29.3.4.4 Mechanism of hematite nanoparticles 29.3.5 Gold nanoparticles 29.3.5.1 Method to prepare the bacterial culture 29.3.5.2 Preparation of gold nanoparticles 29.3.5.3 Experimental procedure 29.3.5.4 Chemical analysis 29.4 Parameters affecting the effectiveness of nanoparticles in biofuel production 29.4.1 The approach for synthesis 29.4.2 Temperature of synthesis 29.4.3 Pressure 29.4.4 pH during synthesis 29.4.5 Size of the nanoparticles 29.5 Conclusion References 30 Enzymes as nanoadditives: a promising alternative for biofuel production 30.1 Introduction 30.2 History of oil refining and transition to alternative energy resources 30.3 The global view of biofuel 30.3.1 Classification of biofuels 30.3.2 Utilization of different sources for biofuel production 30.4 Nanotechnology in the bioenergy industry 30.5 Enzymes as nanocatalysts 30.6 Enzyme-based biomass hydrolysis for biofuel production 30.6.1 Immobilized enzymes used in the processing of biofuels 30.6.2 Potential applications of cellulase for biofuel production 30.6.2.1 Enzyme immobilization of lignocellulosic biomass using nanoparticles 30.6.3 Laccase 30.6.4 Lipases 30.7 Nanocatalysts in liquid additives 30.8 Environmental and health concerns 30.9 Conclusion References 31 Nanopowdered biochar materials as a selective coating in solar flat plate collectors 31.1 Introduction 31.1.1 Why we need alternatives to paints 31.2 Literature review 31.3 Experimental process 31.3.1 Introduction to the solar flat plate collector 31.3.1.1 Elements of flat plate collectors 31.3.2 Biochar 31.3.2.1 Physical properties of biochar 31.3.2.2 Chemical properties of biochar 31.3.3 Selective coating 31.3.3.1 Basic requirements for selective coating 31.3.4 Agriculture waste generation 31.3.5 Biochar preparation 31.3.6 Biochar recovery 31.3.7 Biochar as a selective coating 31.4 Results and discussions 31.4.1 Thermal durability solar absorber 31.4.1.1 Using an infrared thermometer 31.4.1.2 Using thermal imaging 31.4.1.3 X-Ray powder diffractogram 31.4.2 Findings 31.5 Conclusion 31.5.1 Expected outcomes References 32 Fabrication of microbial fuel cells with nanoelectrodes for enhanced bioenergy production 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Microbial fuel cells 32.3 Microbes used in microbial fuel cells 32.4 Electron transfer in microbial fuel cells 32.4.1 Direct electronic transfer 32.4.2 Mediator electronic transfer 32.5 Factors affecting microbial fuel cells 32.5.1 Microbial fuel cell electrodes 32.5.2 Anode material 32.5.3 Cathode material 32.5.4 Effect of substrates in microbial fuel cells 32.6 Nanoelectrodes in microbial fuel cells 32.7 Microbial fuel cell modifications for enhanced bioenergy 32.7.1 Engineering of anodes for microbial fuel cells based on oxidative reactions catalyzed enzymatically 32.7.2 Engineering of cathodes for microbial fuel cells based on reductive reactions catalyzed enzymatically 32.8 Conclusion References V. Analysis of Nanomaterials 33 Instrumental methods in surface property analysis of magnetic nanoparticles 33.1 Introduction 33.1.1 Magnetic nanoparticles 33.2 Importance of surface properties 33.2.1 Analysis of surface functional groups 33.3 Analysis of crystallite structure 33.3.1 Determination of crystallite size using the Debye-Scherrer equation 33.4 Analysis of surface morphology 33.5 Analysis of elemental composition 33.6 Analysis of magnetic property 33.7 Analysis of surface porosity 33.8 Conclusions References VI. Hazards and Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials in Bioenergy Applications 34 Environmental and health effects of nanomaterials 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Types of nanomaterials 34.3 Properties of nanomaterials 34.4 Nanomaterials in the environment 34.5 Environmental impacts of nanomaterials 34.6 Toxic effects of nanomaterials 34.6.1 Toxic effects through direct exposure 34.6.2 Toxic effects through the food chain 34.6.3 Toxic effects through plants 34.6.4 Toxic effects through consumer products 34.7 Future perspectives References 35 Recent advances in nanotechnology-based cell toxicity evaluation approaches relevant to biofuels and bioenergy applications 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Essentials of nanoparticle toxicity assays: flow cytometry, cell lines, and microscopy 35.3 In vitro toxicity and parameters 35.4 In vitro nanotechnology toxicity assay 35.4.1 Assays based on DNA 35.4.1.1 Comet assay 35.4.1.2 Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling-based assay 35.4.1.3 Analysis of DNA breakage with nucleotides 35.4.1.4 DNA ladder and agarose gel electrophoresis 35.4.2 High-content screening assay 35.5 Proliferation assays 35.6 Oxidative stress assay 35.7 Autophagy assay 35.8 Apoptosis tests relevant to nucleic acid staining 35.9 Assays based on membrane integrity and asymmetry 35.10 Apoptosis assays using mitochondrial stains 35.11 Apoptosis assays based on protease activity 35.12 In vivo methods 35.13 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 36 Hazards and environmental effects of nanomaterials in bioenergy applications 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Background and benefits of the application of nanotechnologies in biofuel production 36.3 Different types of threats generated by the use of nanomaterials in biofuel production 36.4 Entry points of nanoparticles present in biofuel into the human body 36.4.1 Dermis 36.4.2 Respiratory tract 36.5 Threats generated by the use of nanomaterials in biofuels 36.6 Safe handling measures during the use of nanoparticles 36.7 Conclusions References 37 Nanoparticles in remediation: strategies and new challenges 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Nanoparticle biosynthesis 37.3 Diversity of nanoparticles in bioremediation applications 37.3.1 Metal nanoparticles 37.3.1.1 Fe-based nanoparticles 37.3.1.2 ZnO nanoparticles 37.3.1.3 TiO2 nanoparticles 37.3.2 Nonmetallic nanoparticles 37.3.2.1 Carbon nanotubes 37.3.2.2 Graphene nanomaterials 37.3.2.3 Engineered nanovariants 37.4 Mechanism of remediation 37.4.1 Nanoparticles and photocatalysis 37.4.2 Nanoparticles with a nonenzymatic mechanism 37.5 New innovative nanoengineering for bioremediation applications 37.6 New challenges in nanoparticle-mediated remediation 37.7 Nanoparticle-mediated remediation and bioenergy production 37.8 Conclusion Acknowledgment References VII. Sustainability issues, Techno-economic Analysis and Life cycle Assessment of Nanomaterials 38 Sustainability assessment of nanomaterials for the production of biofuels: Integrated methodological framework 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Global view of biofuels and bioenergy and the application of nanotechnology 38.2.1 Current status of global biofuels and bioenergy 38.2.2 Role of nanomaterials in biofuels and bioenergy 38.2.2.1 Pretreatment of biomass 38.2.2.2 Enzyme production and immobilization 38.2.2.3 Biomass conversion to biofuel 38.2.2.4 Biohydrogen production 38.2.2.5 Biogas production 38.2.2.6 Other applications 38.3 Methods of assessment 38.3.1 Life cycle assessment of biofuel production using nanomaterials 38.3.2 Technoeconomic assessment of nanomaterials for biofuel production 38.3.2.1 General framework of technoeconomic assessment 38.3.2.2 Selected matrices for technoeconomic assessment Net present value Internal rate of return Annuity method Net cash flow table Value-based approach 38.3.2.3 Technoeconomic assessment of nanomaterial production 38.3.2.4 Integrated sustainability assessment of biofuels using nanomaterials 38.4 Challenges, progress, and opportunities: sustainability perspective 38.4.1 Progress and opportunities of sustainable nanotechnology 38.4.2 Challenges and concerns of nanotechnology related to sustainability 38.5 Conclusions and perspectives References VIII. Future Prospects, Opportunities and Challenges in Application of Nanomaterials in biofuel Production Systems 39 Future prospects, opportunities, and challenges in the application of nanomaterials in biofuel production systems 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Strategic role of nanotechnology in the biofuel production system 39.2.1 Magnetic nanocatalysts 39.2.2 Heterogeneous nanocatalysts 39.2.3 Nanotechnology in immobilized enzymes 39.3 Design of nanocatalysts for biofuel production 39.4 Challenges associated with utilizing nanoparticles for the synthesis of biofuel 39.5 Analysis of opportunities and the impact of utilizing nanoparticles in the generation of biofuel 39.6 Future aspects and outlook 39.7 Conclusion References Index Back Cover Nanomaterials: Application in Biofuels and Bioenergy Production Systems looks at how biofuels and bioenergy can be part of the "sustainable" solution to the worlds energy problems. By addressing bioenergy products compared to their fossil energy counterparts, covering research and development in biofuels applied with nanomaterials this book analyzes the future trends and how biofuels and bioenergy can contribute to its optimization.Starting from fundamentals up to synthesis, characterization and applications of nanomaterials in biofuels and bioenergy production systems, the chapters include the procedures needed for introducing nanomaterials in these specific sectors along with the benefits derived from their applications.Including the hazards and environmental effects of nanomaterials in bioenergy applications, sustainability issues and a techno-economic analysis of the topic, this book provides researchers in bioscience, energy et environment and bioengineering with an up to date look at the full life cycle assessment of nanomaterials in bioenergy.- Provides a one stop solution manual for applications of nanomaterials in bioenergy and biofuels- Includes biofuel applications with compatible global application case studies- Addresses the demand for environmental and techno-economic analysis of nanomaterials applications Nanomaterials: Application in Biofuels and Bioenergy Production Systems looks at how biofuels and bioenergy can be part of the'sustainable'solution to the worlds energy problems. By addressing bioenergy products compared to their fossil energy counterparts, covering research and development in biofuels applied with nanomaterials this book analyzes the future trends and how biofuels and bioenergy can contribute to its optimization. Starting from fundamentals up to synthesis, characterization and applications of nanomaterials in biofuels and bioenergy production systems, the chapters include the procedures needed for introducing nanomaterials in these specific sectors along with the benefits derived from their applications. Including the hazards and environmental effects of nanomaterials in bioenergy applications, sustainability issues and a techno-economic analysis of the topic, this book provides researchers in bioscience, energy & environment and bioengineering with an up to date look at the full life cycle assessment of nanomaterials in bioenergy. Provides a one stop solution manual for applications of nanomaterials in bioenergy and biofuels Includes biofuel applications with compatible global application case studies Addresses the demand for environmental and techno-economic analysis of nanomaterials applications Nanomaterials: Applications In Biofuels And Bioenergy Production Systems Looks At How Biofuels And Bioenergy Can Be Part Of The Sustainable” Solution To The World's Energy Problems. By Addressing Bioenergy Products Compared To Their Fossil Energy Counterparts And Covering Research And Development In Biofuels When Applied To Nanomaterials, This Book Analyzes Future Trends And How Biofuels And Bioenergy Can Contribute To Its Optimization. Sections Cover The Fundamentals, Synthesis, Characterization And Applications Of Nanomaterials In Biofuels And Bioenergy Production Systems And Include The Procedures Needed For Introducing Nanomaterials In These Specific Sectors And The Benefits Derived From Their Applications. Including The Hazards And Environmental Effects Of Nanomaterials In Bioenergy Applications, Sustainability Issues And A Techno-economic Analysis Of The Topic, This Book Provides Researchers In Bioscience, Energy And Environment And Bioengineering With An Up To Date Look At The Full Life Cycle Assessment Of Nanomaterials In Bioenergy. Provides A One-stop Solution Manual For Applications Of Nanomaterials In Bioenergy And Biofuels Includes Biofuel Applications With Compatible Global Application Case Studies Addresses The Demand For Environmental And A Techno-economic Analysis Of Nanomaterials Applications __Nanomaterials: Application in Biofuels and Bioenergy Production Systems__ looks at howbiofuels and bioenergy can be part of the "sustainable" solution to the worlds energy problems. By addressing bioenergy products compared to their fossil energy counterparts, covering research and development in biofuels applied with nanomaterials this book analyzes the future trends and how biofuels and bioenergy can contribute to its optimization. Starting from fundamentals up to synthesis, characterization and applications of nanomaterials in biofuels and bioenergy production systems, the chapters include the procedures needed for introducing nanomaterials in these specific sectors along with the benefits derived from their applications. Including the hazards and environmental effects of nanomaterials in bioenergy applications, sustainability issues and a techno-economic analysis of the topic, this book provides researchers in bioscience, energy & environment and bioengineering with an up to date look at the full life cycle assessment of nanomaterials in bioenergy.