Nanomaterials and Photocatalysis in Chemistry: Mechanistic and Experimental Approaches (Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials)

This book demonstrates the basic and fundamental aspects of nanotechnology and potential application as a photocatalysis in multiple application especially in environment and energy harvesting. This book also contains methods of preparation and characterization of unique nanostructured photocatalysts, and details about their catalytic action. The book consists of seven chapters, including the principles and fundamentals of heterogeneous photocatalysis; the mechanisms and dynamics of surface photocatalysis; research on pure and composites based materials with unique nanostructures; the latest developments and advances in exploiting photocatalyst alternatives to WO3; and photocatalytic materials for applications other than the traditional degradation of pollutants, such as carbon dioxide reduction, water oxidation, a complete spectrum of selective organic transformations and water splitting by photocatalytic reduction. This book will appeal to a wide readership of the academic and industrial researchers and it can also be used in the classroom for undergraduate and graduate students focusing on heterogeneous photocatalysis, sustainable chemistry, energy conversion and storage, nanotechnology, chemical engineering, environmental protection, optoelectronics, sensors, and surface and interface science. Contents 6 About the Authors 9 1 Introduction 10 1.1 Historical Background of Photocatalysis 10 1.2 Broad Definition of Photocatalysis 11 1.3 Classification of Photocatalysis 12 References 13 2 Fundamentals of Photocatalysis for Energy Conversion 14 2.1 Photocatalytic Water Splitting 14 2.1.1 Importance of Photocatalytic Water Splitting 14 2.1.2 Basic Principles of Photocatalytic Water Splitting 14 2.1.3 Photocatalytic Water Splitting Types 16 2.1.4 Performance Evaluation of Photocatalytic Water Splitting 17 2.2 Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion 18 2.2.1 Importance of Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion 18 2.2.2 Basic Principles of Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion 19 2.2.3 Performance Evaluation of Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion 20 2.3 Photocatalytic N2 Fixation 21 2.3.1 Importance of Photocatalytic N2 Fixation 21 2.3.2 Basic Principles of Photocatalytic N2 Fixation 22 2.3.3 Performance Evaluation of Photocatalytic N2 Fixation Performance Evaluation 23 References 24 3 Fundamentals of Photocatalysis for Environmental Remediation 27 3.1 Photocatalysis for Air Purification 27 3.1.1 Photocatalytic Oxidation of VOCs 27 3.1.2 Photocatalytic Removal of NOx and SOx 30 3.1.3 Photocatalytic Removal of Carbon Monoxide and Ozone 34 3.1.4 Photocatalytic Deodorization 34 3.2 Photocatalysis for Water Purification 35 3.2.1 Photocatalytic Degradation of CECs 37 3.2.2 Photocatalytic Reduction of EDCs 38 3.2.3 Photocatalytic Disinfection of Pathogenic Germs 40 3.2.4 Photocatalytic Disinfection of Cyanotoxins 41 3.3 Parameters Affecting the Photocatalytic Degradation Efficiency 43 3.3.1 Effect of Catalyst Dosage 43 3.3.2 Effect of Pollutant Concentration 43 3.3.3 Effect of Solution PH 44 3.3.4 Effect of Inorganic Salts 44 3.3.5 Effect of Oxidizing Species 45 References 45 4 Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion 50 4.1 Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting 50 4.1.1 Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials 50 4.1.2 Metal Sulfide-Based Nanomaterials 57 4.1.3 Metal-Free-Based Nanomaterials 62 4.2 Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion 65 4.2.1 TiO2-Based Nanomaterials 66 4.2.2 Copper-Based Nanomaterials 70 4.2.3 g-C3N4-Based Nanomaterials 73 4.3 Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic N2 Fixation 74 4.3.1 TiO2-Based Nanomaterials 75 4.3.2 Bi-Based Nanomaterials 77 4.3.3 Metal Sulfide-Based Nanomaterials 78 4.3.4 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 80 References 81 5 Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Environmental Remediation 92 5.1 Nanomaterials for Air Purification 92 5.1.1 Metal Oxides-Based Nanomaterials 92 5.2 Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation 96 5.2.1 Titanium Dioxide-Based Nanomaterials 97 5.2.2 Zinc Oxide-Based Nanomaterials 103 5.2.3 Cerium Dioxide-Based Nanomaterials 107 5.2.4 Iron Oxide-Based Nanomaterials 107 5.2.5 Copper Oxide-Based Nanomaterials 109 5.2.6 Zinc Sulfide-Based Nanomaterials 110 5.2.7 Cadmium Sulfide-Based Nanomaterials 111 5.2.8 Silver Sulfide-Based Nanomaterials 112 5.2.9 Bismuth Sulfide-Based Nanomaterials 113 5.2.10 Copper Sulfide-Based Nanomaterials 114 References 115 6 Hybrid Nanomaterials for Advanced Photocatalysis 124 6.1 Semiconductor/Semiconductor-Based Hybrid Heterojunctions 124 6.1.1 Conventional Heterojunction Photocatalysts 124 6.1.2 P-N Heterojunction Photocatalysts 126 6.1.3 Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts 127 6.1.4 S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts 131 6.2 Plasmonic Metal/Semiconductor-Based Hybrid Heterojunctions 132 6.3 Semiconductor/Graphene-Based Hybrid Heterojunctions 135 References 137 7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 140