Nanohybrid Materials for Treatment of Textiles Dyes (Smart Nanomaterials Technology)

This book covers the various aspects of nanohybrid materials and its composites for their application in treatment of toxic textiles dyes for cleaning the environment especially water and wastewater. The book first looks into the various preparation and characterization techniques for nanohybrid materials. The replacement of other conventional materials with highly efficient (high surface area, pore size, and chemical and mechanical strength) nanohybrid materials and their application in the field of environmental purification through treatment of textile dyes is highlighted in the later part of the book. The book caters to students, researchers, and scientists who are working in the field of wastewater treatment for incorporating novel materials to remove toxic textile dyes from contaminated wastewater. Preface Contents About the Editors Introduction of Nanohybrid Materials 1 Introduction 2 Nanotechnology 3 Nanoparticles 4 Types, Synthesis, and Characterization of Nanoparticles 4.1 Hybrid Materials 4.2 Nanohybrid Materials 5 Classification of Hybrid Nanomaterials 5.1 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanohybrid Materials 5.2 Polymer-Based Nanohybrid 6 Advantages of Polymer-Based Nanohybrid Materials 6.1 Carbon-Based Bio-Nanohybrid Materials 7 Synthesis of Nanohybrid Materials 8 Advantages of Nanohybrid 9 Conclusion References Survey of Nanohybrid Materials in Textile Dyes Removal 1 Introduction 2 Conventional Methods for Dye Removal and Their Limitations 2.1 Physical Methods for Dye Removal 2.2 Chemical Methods for Dye Removal 2.3 Biotic Processes 3 Why Nanoparticles for Bioremediation? 4 Nanohybrid Materials for Dye Removal 4.1 Properties of Nanohybrid Materials 4.2 Classification of Nanohybrid Materials 5 Types of Nanohybrid Materials 5.1 Hybrid Nanocomposite that Are Carbon Based 5.2 Hybrid Nanocomposites that Are Activated Carbon Based 5.3 Hybrid Nanomaterials that Are Carbon Nanotube Based 5.4 Nanocomposites that Are Graphene Based 5.5 Nanohybrids Made of Natural and Synthetic Clay 5.6 Fly Ash-Based Nanohybrid 5.7 Hybrids of Bio-adsorbents 5.8 Nanohybrid Materials that Are Magnetic and Non-magnetic Metal Oxide Based 5.9 Nanohybrid that Are Derived from Metals and Organic Compounds 5.10 Polymers and Their Nanocomposites 6 Fabrication and Characterization of Nanohybrid Materials 7 Mechanism of Dye Removal by Nanohybrid Materials 8 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Textile Dyes and Their Effect on Human Beings 1 Introduction 2 Classification of Dyes 2.1 Based on Origin 2.2 Synthetic Dyes 2.3 Based on the Textile Fiber’s Coating 3 Chemical Classification of Dyes 4 Classification of Dyes Based on Solubility 4.1 Water-Soluble Colors 4.2 Insoluble Dyes in Water 5 Characteristics of Dye Containing Textile Industry Wastewater 6 Harmful Impacts on Humans Ecotoxicological and Health Concern of Textile Industry 6.1 Harmful Impact on Ecosystem 6.2 Harmful Impact on Human Health 7 Effective Control Measures 8 Conclusion References Synthesis and Characterization of Nanohybrid Materials 1 Introduction 2 Types and Synthesis of Nanohybrid Materials 2.1 Carbon–Carbon Nanohybrids 2.2 Carbon–Metal Nanohybrids 2.3 Metal–Metal Nanohybrids 2.4 Organic Molecule-Coated Nanohybrids 2.5 Biochar-Based Nanohybrid Material 3 Characterization of Nanohybrid Materials 4 Application of Nanohybrid Material in Water Treatment 5 Conclusion References Graphene-Supported Nanohybrid Materials for Removal of Textile Dyes 1 Introduction 2 Nanohybrid Materials 3 Graphene-Supported Nanohybrids 4 Characterization Techniques 4.1 SEM and TEM 4.2 XRD and Raman 4.3 FTIR, Contact Angle, and UV–Vis 5 Treatment of Textile Dyes Using Graphene-Based Nanohybrids 6 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Synthesis and Characterization of Nanohybrid Materials for Anionic Dye Removal 1 Nanohybrid Material 2 Types of Nanohybrids 2.1 Polymer Matrix Nanohybrids 2.2 Ceramic Matrix Nanohybrids 2.3 Metal Matrix Nanohybrids 3 Synthetic Methods 3.1 Colloidal Methods (One-Pot Synthesis) 3.2 Chemical Methods 3.3 Physical Methods 4 Characterization Techniques for Nanohybrid Materials 4.1 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy with Diffuse Reflectance (UV-Vis) 4.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) 4.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 4.5 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) 5 Applications of Nanohybrid Materials for Pollutant Removal 5.1 The Use of Heterogenous Photocatalysis for Dye Degradation 5.2 The Use of Nanohybrid Materials for the Removal of Harmful Components from Waters 5.3 Nanohybrid Materials in the Photocatalytic Degradation of Anionic Dyes 5.4 Factors Involved in the Photocatalytic Degradation of Anionic Dyes 5.5 Nanohybrid Materials for the Removal of Anionic Dyes by Adsorption Process 5.6 Factors Involved in the Adsorption of Anionic Dyes 6 Conclusion. The Sustainable Approach to the Removal of Textile Dyes References Decolourization of Textile Dyes Using CNT-Based Hybrid Materials 1 Introduction 2 Water Pollution 3 Dyes 3.1 Types of Dyes 3.2 Toxic Effects of Dyes 4 Techniques for Wastewater Treatment 4.1 CNT Composites 5 Applications 5.1 Activity of CNT-Based Nanofluids on Anti-bacterial and Anti-fungal 5.2 Real Wastewater Applications 6 Future Challenges and Perspectives 7 Conclusions References Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of PANI-Based Hybrid Materials for the Catalytic Removal of Organic Dyes from Wastewaters 1 Introduction 2 Mechanism of Catalytic Adsorption by PANI-Based Adsorbents 3 Polyaniline-Based Adsorbents for Dye Adsorption 3.1 Polyaniline/Bipolymer Composites 3.2 Polyaniline/Magnetic Composites 3.3 Polyaniline/Metal Based Composites 3.4 PANI/Carbon Based Hybrid Nanocomposite 3.5 PANI/Biodegradable Waste 4 Future Perspective 5 Summary References Recovery and Removal of Textile Dyes Through Adsorption Process 1 Introduction 2 Textile Industries 3 Dyes Used in Textile Industries 4 Ecotoxicological Effects of Textile Dyes 5 Biomagnification 6 Adsorption 6.1 Adsorption Isotherms 6.2 Mechanism of Adsorption 6.3 Adsorbents 6.4 Classification of Adsorbents 6.5 Classification Based on Pore Sizes of Adsorbents [24]. 6.6 Low-Cost Materials as Potential Adsorbents 7 Nanomaterials 7.1 Hybrid Nanomaterials 8 Factors Affecting Adsorption 8.1 pH of Solution 8.2 Initial Concentration 8.3 Temperature 8.4 Nanohybrid Materials Dosage 8.5 Contact Time 9 Efficacy of the Methods 10 Recovery Through Adsorption 11 Biosorbents and Dye Removal 12 Potential in Large-Scale Applications 13 Conclusion References Photocatalytic Degradation of Textile Dyes Using Nanohybrid Materials 1 Overview of Photocatalysis in Degradation of Pollutants in Wastewater 2 Nanohybrid Materials as Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Textile Dyes 2.1 Metal–Metal Nanohybrids 2.2 Carbon–Metal Nanohybrids 2.3 Metal–Polymer Nanohybrids 2.4 Clay–Metal Nanohybrids 3 Conclusion and Future Prospect References Montmorillonite (MMt) Clay-Based Hybrid Materials for Textile Dyes’ Removal 1 Introduction 2 Textile Dye Removal with MMt-Based Materials 2.1 Cationic Dye Removal with MMt-Based Materials 2.2 Anionic Dye Removal with MMt-Based Materials 3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Metal-Decorated Nanohybrid Materials for Textile Dyes’ Removal from Wastewater 1 Introduction 2 Textile Dyes’ Removal by Hybrid-Based Materials 2.1 Cationic Dyes’ Removal 2.2 Anionic Dye’s Removal 3 Conclusion References Nano-engineered Hybrid Materials for Cationic Dye Removal 1 Introduction 2 Cationic Dyes 2.1 Types of Cationic Dyes 2.2 Properties of Cationic Dyes 2.3 Uses of Cationic Dyes 3 Nanomaterials 3.1 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 3.2 Chemical Synthesis Approach 3.3 Co-precipitation 3.4 Polyol Method 3.5 Micro-emulsion 3.6 Thermal Decomposition 3.7 Electrochemical Synthesis 3.8 Physical Synthesis Approach 4 Biological Synthesis Approach 4.1 Plants 4.2 Microorganism 5 Nanomaterials for Dye Removal 5.1 Nano-adsorbents 5.2 Nano-photocatalysts 5.3 Nano-membranes 6 Summary and Outlook References Textile Dyes Removal Using Silica-Dendrimer Hybrid Materials 1 Introduction 2 Commonly Used Colors 2.1 Azo Dyes 2.2 Reactive Dyes 2.3 Acid Dyes 2.4 Cationic Dyes (Basic) 2.5 Sulfur Colors 2.6 Color Removal Technology of Textile Wastewater 2.7 An Overview of Dendrimers 2.8 The History of Dendrimers 2.9 Types of Dendrimers 2.10 An Introduction to Porous Materials (Prussian) and Mesoporous Silica Materials and Their Synthesis Methods 2.11 Mesoporous Silica 2.12 Effects of Pollutants on Dendrimer 2.13 Dendrimers with Silica-Supported 2.14 Removal of Dyes from Textile Effluents with Natural Nano Biopolymers 2.15 Nanofiber Membranes 2.16 Porous Nanofibers 2.17 Application of Nanotechnology in the Textile Industry 2.18 The Application of Nanotechnology in the Properties of Textile Materials 2.19 Self-Cleaning Cloths 2.20 Antistatic Final Coatings 2.21 Nanotechnology for Wrinkle-Free Processing 2.22 Antibacterial Final Coatings 2.23 Modified Silica for Textile Dye Treatment 3 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Nanohybrid-Based Catalysts for Degradation of Dyes from Aqueous Solution 1 Introduction 2 Classification of Dyes 3 Nanohybrid-Based Catalysts Used in Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Degradation of Dyes 3.1 Fenton-Based Processes 3.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation 3.3 Sonocatalytic Oxidation 3.4 Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation 4 Future Aspects and Conclusions References Dye Removal Using Magnetized Nanohybrid Adsorbent 1 General Introduction 1.1 Water Crisis 1.2 Dye Types and Toxicity 1.3 Dye Removal Techniques 1.4 Adsorption of Dyes 2 Magnetic Nanohybrids 2.1 Emerging Synthesis Techniques 2.2 Functionalized Magnetic Nanohybrids 2.3 Sustainable Magnetic Nanohybrid Adsorbents 3 Applications of Magnetic Nanohybrids as Dye Adsorbents 3.1 Critical Factors Influencing Dye Adsorption 3.2 Mechanism of Dye Adsorption 3.3 Magnetic Recovery 4 Conclusion, Critiques, and Future Remarks References The Impact of Textile Dyes on the Environment 1 Introduction 2 Textile Dye Characteristics and Impacts 3 Textile Dyes and Water Quality 3.1 Effluent Characteristics of Textile Industry Processes 3.2 Impact of Textile Dyes on Water Quality 4 Impact of Textile Dyes on Animals 4.1 Impact on Land Animals’ Health 4.2 Impact on Fish and Other Aquatic Animals 5 Impacts of Textile Dye on Soil and Plants 5.1 Harmful Impacts of Textile Dye on Soil and Plants 5.2 Phytoremediation of Textile Dye 6 Impact of Textile Dyes on Microbiota 6.1 Impact of Textile Dyes on Environmental Microorganisms 6.2 Dye-Based Toxicity to Microorganisms 6.3 The Antimicrobial Role of Dyes 6.4 Bioremediation of Textile Dyes Using Microorganisms 7 Conclusion and Recommendation References Photoactive Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Hybrid for Dye Removal Under Light Irradiation 1 Introduction: Conventional Treatment Methods of Dyes Removal 2 TiO2 Photocatalyst 2.1 TiO2: Synthesis Method 2.2 TiO2: Characteristics and Properties 2.3 TiO2: Limitation and Prospect in Photocatalytic Reaction in Dyes Removal 3 TiO2 Hybrid Photocatalysis in Dyes Removal 3.1 TiO2: Metal Oxide Hybrid Photocatalysis 3.2 TiO2: Ceramic Hybrid Photocatalysis in Dyes Removal 3.3 TiO2: Polymer Hybrid Photocatalysis in Dyes Removal 4 Conclusion References Alginate-Based Hybrid Materials for the Treatment of Textile Dyes 1 Introduction 2 History 3 Chemical Structure 4 Sources of Alginates 5 Biodegradability of Alginates 6 Water Pollution by Industries 7 Textile Dyes Pollution, Conti, and Its Treatment 7.1 Major Characteristic of Textile Dye 7.2 Classification of Textile Industries Dyes 8 Textile Dyes Adverse Effect on Human Health 9 Alginate-Based Hybrid Materials for the Treatment of Textile Dyes 10 Treatment Methods for Textile Dyes Removal Waste Water 11 Conclusion and Prospects References