Nanofibers and Nanotechnology in Textiles (Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles)

Nanotechnology is revolutionising the world of materials. This important book reviews its impact in developing a new generation of textile fibers with enhanced functionality and a wide range of applications. The first part of the book reviews nanofiber production, discussing how different fiber types can be produced using electrospinning techniques. Part 2 analyses the production and properties of carbon nanotubes and polymer nanocomposites and their applications in such areas as aerospace engineering. The third part of the book considers ways of using nanotechnology to improve polymer properties such as thermal stability and dyeability. The final part of the book reviews the use of nanotechnology to modify textile surfaces, including the use of coatings and films, in order to improve hydrophobic, filtration and other properties. Nanofibers and nanotechnology in textiles is a valuable reference in assessing and using a new generation of textile fibers in applications as diverse as tissue and aerospace engineering. Nanofibers and nanotechnology in textiles......Page 1 The Textile Institute and Woodhead Publishing......Page 2 Contents......Page 5 Contributor contact details......Page 12 Part I Nanofiber production......Page 16 Contents......Page 0 1.2 Principles of electrostatic atomization......Page 17 1.3.1 Operating modes......Page 19 1.3.2 Output limitations and recent developments......Page 23 1.3.3 Viscosity limitations and recent developments......Page 25 1.4.1 Principle of operation......Page 26 1.4.2 Operating regimes and limits......Page 27 1.4.3 Strategies for further development......Page 33 1.5 References......Page 34 2.1.1 Tissue engineering concept......Page 36 2.1.2 Scaffolds for tissue engineering......Page 38 2.1.3 Scaffold fabrication and electrospinning procedure......Page 41 2.2.1 Polymeric nanofibers......Page 42 2.2.2 Protein nanofibers......Page 43 2.3.1 Porosity and pore size distribution......Page 44 2.3.2 Morphology and fiber diameter distribution......Page 45 2.3.3 Tensile properties......Page 47 2.4 Cell - scaffold interaction......Page 50 2.4.1 Co- electrospinning effect......Page 51 2.4.2 Size effect......Page 53 2.4.3 Architecture effect......Page 55 2.5 Summary and conclusion......Page 56 2.7 References......Page 57 3.2 Using electrospun nanofibers: background and terminology......Page 59 3.3 Controlling fiber orientation......Page 62 3.4 Producing noncontinuous or short yarns......Page 63 3.4.1 Rotating collector method......Page 64 3.4.2 Gap alignment method......Page 65 3.5 Producing continuous yarns......Page 66 3.5.1 Rotating dual- collector yarn......Page 68 3.5.3 Core- spun yarn......Page 69 3.5.6 Self- assembled yarn......Page 70 3.5.8 Spin- bath collector yarn......Page 72 3.5.10 Grooved belt collector yarn......Page 74 3.5.12 Gap-separated rotating rod yarn......Page 76 3.5.13 Conjugate electrospinning yarn......Page 78 3.6 Summary and future trends......Page 80 3.7 Sources of further information and advice......Page 81 3.8 References......Page 82 4.2 The electrospinning process......Page 85 4.3 Properties of electrospun nanofibers......Page 87 4.4.1 Viscosity of nylon 6,6 polymer solutions......Page 89 4.4.3 Web morphology......Page 90 4.5 Improving the properties of electrospun nanofibers: experimental results......Page 91 4.5.1 Viscosity of nylon 6,6 solutions......Page 94 4.5.2 Diameter distribution of nylon 6,6 electrospun webs......Page 95 4.6 Conclusions......Page 99 4.7 References......Page 101 5.1 Introduction......Page 104 5.2 The electrospinning process and fibre morphology......Page 105 5.3 Polymer concentration and fibre diameter......Page 107 5.4 Fibre bead formation and fibre surface morphology......Page 110 5.4.1 Surface morphology......Page 112 5.5.1 Fibre orientation......Page 114 5.5.3 Web structure......Page 116 5.6 Bicomponent cross- sectional nanofibres......Page 117 5.6.1 'Core-sheath' nanofibres and hollow nanofibres......Page 119 5.6.2 'Side-by-side' nanofibres and sharp-edged crosssectional nanofibres......Page 120 5.7 Future trends......Page 121 5.9 References......Page 122 Part II Carbon nanotubes and nanocomposites......Page 125 6.1 Introduction......Page 126 6.2 The development and structure of carbon nanotubes1-64......Page 128 6.2.1 The structure of carbon nanotubes65......Page 131 6.3 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes......Page 137 6.3.1 Arc discharge1-14......Page 139 6.3.2 Laser ablation15-24......Page 145 6.3.3 Chemical vapor deposition2539......Page 148 6.4 Characterization techniques1,......Page 153 6.4.2 Optical laser microscopy......Page 157 6.4.5 Energy Dispersion X- ray ( EDX)......Page 159 6.4.7 Raman spectroscopy......Page 162 6.5 Purification techniques40......Page 165 6.5.2 Chemical etching......Page 166 6.5.3 Selective oxidation......Page 167 6.6 The use of carbon nanotubes in aerospace engineering50-66, 92, 93......Page 170 6.7 Nanostructured composite materials for aerospace applications50-64, 92-127......Page 175 6.8 Nanostructured solid propellants for rockets61,76-79......Page 183 6.9 Frequency selective surfaces for aerospace applications64,128-137......Page 188 6.10 Other aerospace applications of carbon nanotubes65, 66, 138......Page 195 6.12 Acknowledgments......Page 197 6.13 References......Page 198 7.1 Introduction......Page 207 7.2 Synthesis and properties of carbon nanotubes......Page 210 7.2.1 Mechanical properties......Page 211 7.2.2 Transport properties......Page 212 7.2.3 Physical properties......Page 213 7.3.1 Nanotube dispersion......Page 214 7.3.2 Mechanical properties of nanotube/nanofibreÒ polymer composites......Page 216 7.3.3 Physical properties of nanotube/nanofibreÒpolymer composites......Page 218 7.4 Adding nanotubes and nanofibres to polymer fibres......Page 219 7.4.1 Solution spinning......Page 220 7.5 Analysing the rheological properties of nanotube/ nanofibre Ò polymer composites......Page 221 7.5.1 Shear properties......Page 222 7.5.2 Elongational properties......Page 223 7.6 Analysing the microstructure of nanotube/ nanofibre Ò polymer composites......Page 225 7.6.1 Matrix microstructure......Page 227 7.7 Mechanical, electrical and other properties of nanocomposite fibres......Page 229 7.7.1 Electrical properties......Page 232 7.7.2 Other properties......Page 233 7.8 Future trends......Page 234 7.9 References......Page 235 8.1 Introduction......Page 248 8.2 Producing carbon nanotube- polymer fibers......Page 249 8.3 Thermal characterization......Page 250 8.4.1 Transmission electron microscopy......Page 251 8.4.2 Scanning electron microscopy......Page 253 8.4.3 Wide- angle X- ray diffraction......Page 254 8.5 Mechanical properties of fibers......Page 258 8.5.1 Dynamic mechanical analysis......Page 261 8.6 Conclusions and future trends......Page 264 8.8 Acknowledgments......Page 265 8.9 References......Page 266 9.1 Introduction......Page 269 9.2 The development of functional polymer nanocomposites......Page 270 9.3 Improving the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites......Page 271 9.4 Improving the fire- retardant properties of polymer nanocomposites......Page 273 9.5 Improving the tribological properties of polymer nanocomposites......Page 275 9.6.1 Materials investigated......Page 278 9.6.2 Wear tests......Page 280 9.6.3 Friction coefficient measurements......Page 281 9.6.4 Wear......Page 284 9.7 Enhancing the functionality of polymer nanocomposites......Page 286 9.10 References......Page 288 10.1 Introduction......Page 294 10.2 Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites......Page 295 10.2.1 Preparation of layered silicate polypropylene nanocomposites......Page 296 10.3 The structure and properties of layered silicate polypropylene nanocomposites......Page 297 10.3.1 Preparation techniques and nanocomposite structure......Page 299 10.3.2 Properties of layered silicate polypropylene nanocomposites......Page 300 10.4 Nanosilica filled polypropylene nanocomposites......Page 302 10.5.1 Carbon black-filled polypropylene composites......Page 304 10.5.3 Polypropylene-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites......Page 305 10.7 References......Page 306 Part III Improving polymer functionality......Page 312 11.1 Introduction......Page 313 11.2 Formation and characterization of polymer- cyclodextrin - inclusion compounds......Page 314 11.2.1 Coalescence of guest polymers from their cyclodextrin Ò inclusion compounds......Page 315 11.3.1 Electrostatic interactions......Page 316 11.3.5 Relief of conformational strain in cyclodextrins......Page 317 11.3.7 Crystalline packing of host cyclodextrins in solid cyclodextrin Ò inclusion compounds......Page 318 11.3.8 Nano-threading of polymers into solid cyclodextrins......Page 319 11.4 Homo- and block copolymers coalesced from their cyclodextrin Ò inclusion compounds......Page 320 11.4.1 PCL-b-PLLA di-block copolymer......Page 321 11.5 Constrained polymerization in monomerÒ cyclodextrin Ò inclusion compounds......Page 322 11.6 Coalescence of common polymer-cyclodextrin- inclusion compounds to achieve fine polymer blends......Page 323 11.7 Temporal and thermal stabilities of polymers nanostructured with cyclodextrins......Page 324 11.8 Cyclodextrin-modified polymers......Page 325 11.9 Polymers with covalently bonded cyclodextrins......Page 326 11.11 References......Page 328 13.1 Introduction......Page 332 13.1.1 Layered silicate clay minerals......Page 333 13.2.1 Structure and properties of organomodified clays......Page 335 13.3 Polymer/clay nanocomposites......Page 337 In situ polymerization......Page 338 Melt intercalation......Page 339 13.3.2 Compatibilization issues in polyolefin/clay nanocomposites......Page 340 13.4 Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites......Page 341 13.5 Polyethylene/clay nanocomposites......Page 348 13.5.1 Linear low-density polyethylene/clay nanocomposites......Page 349 13.5.2 High-density polyethylene/clay nanocomposites......Page 351 13.5.3 Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene/clay nanocomposites......Page 352 13.6.1 Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)/clay nanocomposites......Page 353 13.6.3 Other polyolefin/clay nanocomposites......Page 354 13.7 Conclusions......Page 355 13.8 References......Page 362 14.1 Introduction......Page 367 14.2.3 Synthesis procedure......Page 368 14.3.1 Scanning electron microscopy analysis......Page 369 14.3.3 Tensile testing......Page 371 14.4 Properties of multiwall carbon nanotube Ò nylon- 6 nanocomposite fibers......Page 372 Viscosity effect......Page 373 Differential scanning calorimetry analysis......Page 375 14.4.2 Melting characteristics and crystallization......Page 377 14.4.3 Molecular weight......Page 378 14.4.4 Tensile properties......Page 382 14.5 Conclusions......Page 385 14.6 Acknowledgments......Page 386 14.7 References......Page 387 Part IV Nanocoatings and surface modification techniques......Page 388 15.1 Introduction......Page 389 15.2.1 Electrostatic spinning......Page 390 15.2.2 Polymers and solvents......Page 392 15.2.4 Productivity......Page 394 15.2.5 Centrifuge spinning......Page 395 15.2.6 Comparing technologies......Page 396 15.3 Anti-adhesive nanocoating of fibers and textiles......Page 397 15.4 Water- and oil-repellent coatings by plasma treatment......Page 398 15.4.1 Aerosol and spraying applications......Page 400 15.5.1 Principles......Page 401 15.5.2 Transfer to fiber-based products......Page 402 15.5.3 Testing methods......Page 405 15.5.4 The Denkendorf quality mark......Page 406 15.7 References......Page 407 16.2 Principles of electrostatic self-assembly for creating nanolayer films......Page 408 16.2.1 Deposition conditions......Page 410 16.3 Advantages and disadvantages of electrostatic self- assembly......Page 411 16.4.1 Influence of substrate characteristics......Page 412 16.4.2 Polymers as substrates for layer-by-layer deposition......Page 413 16.5.1 Synthetic polyelectrolytes......Page 414 16.5.2 Modified and natural polyelectrolytes......Page 415 16.6 Analyzing self-assembled nanolayer films on cotton......Page 416 16.7 Conclusions: functional textiles for protection, filtration and other applications......Page 419 16.8 References......Page 420 17.1 Introduction......Page 428 17.2 Macromolecular platform for nanofabrication......Page 429 17.3.1 Synthesis of macroinitiator......Page 431 17.3.2 Atom transfer radical polymerization from macroinitiator......Page 433 17.4 'Grafting to' technique for synthesis of polymer films......Page 435 17.5.1 Mixed polymer brushes......Page 438 17.5.2 Switchable unary polymer brush......Page 442 17.6 Synthesis of ultrahydrophobic materials......Page 444 17.6.1 Fabrication of ultrahydrophobic textile materials......Page 445 17.8 Acknowledgments......Page 446 17.9 References......Page 447 18.1 Introduction: smart textiles via thin hybrid films......Page 450 18.2.1 Responsiveness of polymer chains to their environment......Page 451 18.2.2 Polymer brushes......Page 453 18.2.3 Mixed polymer brushes......Page 455 18.2.4 Block-copolymer brushes......Page 457 18.3 Polymer-polymer hybrid layers......Page 458 18.4 Polymer-particles hybrid layers......Page 464 18.5 Hierarchical assembly of nanostructured hybrid films......Page 465 18.6 Future trends......Page 469 18.9 References......Page 470 19.1 Introduction......Page 473 19.2 Materials, processing and characterisation techniques......Page 475 19.3 Structure and morphology......Page 477 19.3.1 Morphology......Page 480 19.4 Phase homogeneity and spinline stability......Page 482 19.5 Optical birefringence and infrared activation......Page 485 19.5.1 Infrared activation......Page 487 19.6 Crystallisation behaviour and mechanical performance......Page 489 19.6.1 Mechanical performance......Page 491 19.7 Exfoliation by extensional flow deformation......Page 493 19.8 Conclusions......Page 494 19.9 References......Page 495 Nanotechnology is revolutionising the world of materials. This important book reviews its impact in developing a new generation of textile fibers with enhanced functionality and a wide range of applications. The first part of the book reviews nanofiber production, discussing how different fiber types can be produced using electrospinning techniques. Part two analyses the production and properties of carbon nanotubes and polymer nanocomposites and their applications in such areas as aerospace engineering. The third part of the book considers ways of using nanotechnology to improve polymer properties such as thermal stability and dyeability. The final part of the book reviews the use of nanotechnology to modify textile surfaces, including the use of coatings and films, in order to improve hydrophobic, filtration and other properties.

Nanofibers and nanotechnology in textiles is a valuable reference in assessing and using a new generation of textile fibers in applications as diverse as tissue and aerospace engineering.

• Nanotechnology is revolutionising the world of materials
• Learn about a new generation of textile fibers that have a wide range of applications
• Examines how to improve polymer properties

Written by a panel of experts drawn form industry and academia, this book reviews the impact of nanotechnology on the development of a new generation of textile fibers with enhanced functionality and a wide range of applications. It explores nanofiber production, discussing how different fiber types can be produced using electrospinning techniques. The book analyses the production and properties of carbon nanotubes and polymer nanocomposites and their applications in such areas as aerospace engineering. It covers ways of using nanotechnology to improve polymer properties such as thermal stability and dyeability and the use of nanotechnology to modify textile surfaces.