Nanocarbon and Its Composites: Preparation, Properties and Applications (Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering)

Nanocarbon and Its Composites: Preparation, Properties and Applications provides a detailed and comprehensive review of all major innovations in the field of nanocarbons and their composites, including preparation, properties and applications. Coverage is broad and quite extensive, encouraging future research in carbon-based materials, which are in high demand due to the need to develop more sustainable, recyclable Read more... Abstract: Nanocarbon and Its Composites: Preparation, Properties and Applications provides a detailed and comprehensive review of all major innovations in the field of nanocarbons and their composites, including preparation, properties and applications. Coverage is broad and quite extensive, encouraging future research in carbon-based materials, which are in high demand due to the need to develop more sustainable, recyclable and eco-friendly methods for materials. Chapters are written by eminent scholars and leading experts from around the globe who discuss the properties and applications of carbon-based materials, such as nanotubes (buckytubes), fullerenes, cones, horns, rods, foams, nanodiamonds and carbon black, and much more. Chapters provide cutting-edge, up-to-date research findings on the use of carbon-based materials in different application fields and illustrate how to achieve significant enhancements in physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties.Demonstrates systematic approaches and investigations from design, synthesis, characterization and applications of nanocarbon based composites Aims to compile information on the various aspects of synthesis, properties and applications of nano-carbon based materialsPresents a useful reference and technical guide for university academics and postgraduate students (Masters and Ph.D.) Front Cover......Page 1 Nanocarbon and its Composites: Preparation, Properties, and Applications......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 List of contributors......Page 16 Preface......Page 22 1.1. Introduction......Page 24 1.2.2. Graphene aerogels......Page 26 1.2.3. CNT and graphene aerogels composite......Page 27 1.3. Nanocarbon aerogels for energy storage applications......Page 30 1.4. Nanocarbon aerogel adsorbents for wastewater remediation......Page 34 1.5. Nanocarbon aerogel photocatalyst for wastewater remediation......Page 35 1.6. Nanocarbon aerogels as sensors......Page 39 1.7. Conclusion and future research......Page 42 References......Page 43 2.1. Introduction......Page 50 2.2.2. The synthesis of Pd-Ni nanomaterials decorated by AC......Page 51 2.3. Results and discussion......Page 52 2.4. Conclusions......Page 57 References......Page 58 3.1. Introduction......Page 66 3.2.1. Carbon foams from polymer precursors......Page 67 3.2.2.1. Carbon nanofiber-based carbon foam......Page 69 3.2.2.2. Carbon nanotube-based carbon foams......Page 70 3.2.2.3. Graphene-based carbon foam......Page 72 3.2.3. Doped and composite carbon foam structures......Page 74 3.2.3.1. Doped carbon foams......Page 75 3.2.3.2. Composite carbon-based foams......Page 77 3.3.1.1. Electrochemical energy storage......Page 82 3.3.1.2. Thermal energy storage......Page 87 3.3.2.1. Gas adsorbents......Page 89 3.3.2.2. Liquid adsorbents......Page 91 3.3.3.1. Acoustic insulation......Page 92 3.3.3.2. Thermal insulation......Page 94 3.3.4. Carbon foams for sensor applications......Page 96 Biosensor......Page 97 Gas sensor......Page 98 Pressure sensor......Page 99 Strain sensor......Page 101 3.4. Conclusion......Page 102 References......Page 104 Chapter 4: Electrospun polymeric nanocarbon nanomats for tissue engineering......Page 114 4.1. Introduction......Page 115 4.2. Electrospinning process......Page 116 4.3. Different types of nanocarbons used in tissue engineering......Page 117 4.3.1. Carbon nanotubes......Page 118 4.3.2. Graphene compounds......Page 120 4.3.3. Other nanocarbons......Page 121 4.4. Electrospun nanofiber materials for tissue engineering......Page 122 4.5.1.1. Electrospinning of carbon nanotubes with natural and synthetic polymers......Page 123 4.5.2. Electrospun nanomat containing graphene nanocarbons......Page 128 4.5.2.1. Electrospinning of graphene with natural and synthetic polymers......Page 129 Electrospun polymer/graphene scaffolds for drug delivery......Page 131 4.5.3. Electrospinning with other forms of nanocarbons......Page 132 4.5.4. Electrospinning of carbon nanofibers for biomedical applications......Page 133 4.6. Review of some related works......Page 134 References......Page 139 Further reading......Page 145 5.1. Introduction......Page 146 5.2.1.1. PVDF-G nanocomposite supercapacitors......Page 147 5.2.1.2. PTFE-G nanocomposite supercapacitors......Page 149 5.2.2. Conductive polymer-G nanocomposite supercapacitors......Page 152 5.2.2.1. Graphene and PPy nanocomposites......Page 153 5.2.2.2. Graphene and PANI nanocomposites......Page 155 5.2.2.3. Graphene and PEDOT nanocomposites......Page 157 5.3. Flexible supercapacitor electrodes......Page 159 5.5. Conclusion......Page 163 References......Page 164 Further reading......Page 174 6.1. Introduction......Page 176 6.2. Graphene......Page 177 6.3.1. Aluminium-graphene MMC......Page 179 6.3.2. Magnesium-graphene nanocomposites......Page 181 6.3.3. Copper- and nickel-based graphene nanocomposites......Page 185 6.4. Conclusions......Page 189 References......Page 190 Further reading......Page 192 Chapter 7: Nanocarbons: Preparation, assessments, and applications in structural engineering, spintronics, gas sensing, E .........Page 194 7.1. Background information: From carbon to nanocarbon......Page 195 7.2.1. Synthesis of GNCs......Page 196 7.2.2. Characterizations on GNCs......Page 197 7.2.2.1. Chemical analysis: Electron and infrared spectroscopy......Page 198 7.2.2.2. Analysis by Raman spectroscopy......Page 199 7.2.2.4. Scanning and tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy......Page 201 7.3. Nanocomposite approach for structural engineering......Page 205 7.3.2. Dispersibility investigations: Homogeneous distribution versus agglomeration and interfacial adhesion of GNCs......Page 206 7.3.2.1. Raman mapping of GNC nanocomposites......Page 207 7.3.2.2. Optical imaging......Page 208 Tensile properties......Page 209 Fracture toughness properties......Page 211 7.3.3. Fracture mechanisms using fractography......Page 213 7.3.4. Thermal and physical properties......Page 215 7.4.1. Spin transport and magnetic correlations in GNCs and nitro-GNCs: Graphene spintronics......Page 218 7.4.1.2. Comparison using FTIR: GNCs and N-GNCs......Page 219 7.4.1.3. Chemical analysis of nitrogen doping in GNCs by electron spectroscopy......Page 220 7.4.2. Radical spin correlations: Electron spin resonance measurements and analysis......Page 222 7.4.3. Magnetometric analysis by VSM......Page 225 7.4.3.1. Magnetization in graphene: Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interactions......Page 226 7.4.3.2. Current-voltage measurements: Transport characteristics......Page 228 7.4.3.3. Reduced exchange correlations: Role of nitrogen......Page 230 7.4.4. Spin-bath properties of GNCs......Page 232 7.4.4.1. Linewidth (DeltaHpp) analysis......Page 233 7.4.4.2. Anisotropy in g factor......Page 234 7.4.4.3. Spin transport parameters: Spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation, spin-orbit coupling......Page 235 7.5.1. Shielding parameters of GNC/polyurethane nanocomposites......Page 238 FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy......Page 240 Direct current conductivity......Page 242 Microwave measurements......Page 243 Toroidal shape sample preparation......Page 244 7.5.1.2. Analysis of microwave parameters......Page 245 7.5.1.3. Efficient microwave absorbing properties......Page 248 7.6. Molecular and spin interactions: Tellurium and reduced graphene oxide......Page 252 7.6.1. Synthesis of reduced graphene oxide and tellurium-rGO......Page 253 7.6.1.1. Chemical state analysis of Te in rGO using electron spectroscopy......Page 254 7.6.1.3. Raman analysis......Page 255 Electron phonon coupling (EPC), Fermi velocity (VF), and photo resistivity......Page 256 Dynamical force constant, kq......Page 258 7.6.2. ESR studies of rGO and Te-rGO......Page 259 7.7. Multifunctional nanocarbons: NH3 gas sensors and EMI shielding......Page 261 7.7.1. Synthesis......Page 262 7.7.2. Surface morphology of nanocarbons......Page 263 7.7.3. Raman studies......Page 264 7.7.4. Optical spectroscopy: Optical band structure of nanocarbon......Page 265 7.7.5. Optical gas sensor characteristic......Page 266 7.7.5.1. Sensor transfer function......Page 267 7.7.5.2. Sensing mechanism......Page 269 7.7.5.3. Molecular imprint of NH3 on nanocarbon probe......Page 270 7.7.6.2. DC conductivity......Page 272 7.7.6.3. % reflection analysis......Page 273 7.7.6.4. Shielding mechanism......Page 275 7.8. Electromagnetic cloaking and metamaterials (left-handed medium)......Page 276 7.8.1. Ferro-nanocarbon split-ring resonators: Bianisotropic metamaterial......Page 278 7.8.1.2. Computational electromagnetic......Page 279 7.8.3. Morphological analysis of NC and FNC......Page 280 7.8.3.1. Molecular characteristic of NC and FNC: Raman analysis......Page 283 7.8.3.3. Magnetization analysis: NC and FNC......Page 284 7.8.4. Modeling and simulation: FNC SRRs......Page 286 7.8.4.1. Microwave scattering and constitutive parameters......Page 287 7.8.4.2. Nicolson-Ross-Weir formulism......Page 288 7.8.4.3. Retrieval technique: Extraction of other scattering parameters......Page 290 7.9. Concluding remarks and work scheme......Page 293 References......Page 296 Further reading......Page 308 8.1. Introduction......Page 310 8.2.1. Biowaste-based charred carbon......Page 312 8.2.2. Effect of biochar-derived nanocarbons on plant growth......Page 314 8.3. Nanocarbons on plant growth......Page 316 8.3.1.1. Water-soluble carbon nanotubes......Page 317 8.3.1.2. Water-soluble carbon nanoonions and carbon dots......Page 328 8.3.1.3. Water-soluble fullerenes......Page 331 8.3.1.4. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes......Page 332 8.3.1.5. Single-walled carbon nanotubes......Page 336 8.4. Effect of nanocarbons on soil microenvironments......Page 338 8.5. Conclusion......Page 340 References......Page 341 9.1. Introduction......Page 350 9.2. Carbon nanotubes......Page 353 9.4. Carbon nanotube properties......Page 354 9.5. Carbon nanotube-based composites......Page 356 9.6. Carbon nanotube applications......Page 357 9.7. Graphene......Page 358 9.8. Graphene synthesis......Page 360 9.9. Graphene properties......Page 361 9.10. Graphene-based composites......Page 363 9.11. Graphene applications......Page 364 9.12. Conclusion......Page 368 References......Page 369 10.1. Nanocarbon as an energy storage material......Page 378 10.2. Electronic structure methods applied to nanocarbon used on energy storage devices: Nanocomposites with transition m .........Page 380 10.3. Recent contributions in theoretical approaches......Page 392 10.4. Perspectives for future development and conclusion......Page 397 Acknowledgments......Page 398 References......Page 399 11.1. Introduction......Page 406 11.2. Methods of control......Page 408 11.4. Carbon nanotubes in the photocatalysis of NOx......Page 409 11.5. Adsorption of NOx over CNT......Page 414 11.6. Graphenes in photocatalysis of NOx......Page 415 11.7. Conclusions......Page 417 References......Page 418 12.1. Introduction......Page 424 12.2. Toxicity and health effects of VOCs......Page 425 12.3. Nanocarbon-based composite materials......Page 426 12.3.1. Graphene-based nanocarbon materials for VOC removal......Page 428 12.3.2. Carbon nanotube-based nanocarbon materials for VOC removal......Page 432 12.3.3. Carbon nanofiber-based nanocarbon materials for VOC removal......Page 434 Acknowledgment......Page 435 References......Page 436 13.1.1. General considerations-from basic studies and advanced theoretical modeling to practical issues......Page 444 13.2. Nanocarbons-overview of possible fillers......Page 447 13.3. Epoxy nanocomposite preparation-challenges and opportunities of using nanocarbon fillers......Page 453 13.4. Nanocarbon/epoxy composite properties-the versatility of materials......Page 456 13.5. Nanocarbon/epoxy composites applications-main fields of interest......Page 459 13.6. Multicomponent epoxy systems: Nanocarbons and elastomers/thermoplastics or inorganic compounds......Page 462 13.7. Conclusions and future perspectives......Page 464 References......Page 466 Further reading......Page 471 14.1. Introduction......Page 472 14.2. Most used carbon-based nanofillers for multiscale composites......Page 474 14.3.1. Thermosetting polymer matrices......Page 475 14.3.2. Thermoplastic polymer composites......Page 477 14.4. Mechanical properties of nanocarbon-based multiscale composites......Page 480 14.5. Multifunctional characteristics of nanocarbon-based multiscale composites......Page 482 14.6. Trends and future research......Page 485 References......Page 486 15.1. Introduction......Page 494 15.2.1. Sample synthesis......Page 496 15.2.2. Tensile test system......Page 497 15.2.3. Resistivity measurement system......Page 498 15.3. Tensile fracture of CNCs......Page 499 15.4.1. Real-time measurement of CNC tensile test......Page 501 15.4.3. Comparison to the macroscopic spring theory......Page 502 15.4.4. Estimation of the mechanical strength......Page 503 15.5.1. Relationship between the coil diameter and resistivity......Page 504 15.5.2. Temperature dependence of the resistivity......Page 505 15.6. Summary......Page 507 References......Page 508 16.1. Introduction......Page 512 16.2. Structure of CNTs......Page 513 16.3. Synthesis and growth mechanisms of CNTs......Page 516 16.3.2. Laser vaporization or laser ablation technique......Page 517 16.3.3. Chemical vapor deposition......Page 519 16.4. Purification of CNTs......Page 522 16.6. Preparation of manipulated carbon nanotubes......Page 523 16.6.1. Mechanical manipulation of aligned CNTs by laser pruning......Page 524 16.6.3. CNT/metal, CNT/metal oxide nanocomposites......Page 525 16.7. Potential applications of CNTs and CNT-based nanocomposites......Page 526 16.7.1. CNTs for hydrogen storage......Page 527 16.7.2. Electrochemical supercapacitors......Page 529 16.7.3. Field emission from CNT-based nanocomposites......Page 532 16.7.4. CNT-based electrochemical biosensors......Page 533 16.8. Conclusions......Page 535 References......Page 536 Further reading......Page 543 17.1. Nanocarbons and photocatalysis......Page 544 17.2. TiO2-Nanocarbon......Page 550 17.2.1. Fullerenes......Page 551 17.2.2. Carbon nanotubes......Page 555 17.2.3. Graphene......Page 559 17.3.1. Zinc oxide......Page 562 17.3.2. Copper oxides......Page 563 17.4.1. Cadmium sulfide......Page 565 17.4.2. Other sulfides......Page 568 17.5. MOFs-Nanocarbon......Page 571 17.6.2. Metal oxide-NC-chalcogenide......Page 580 17.6.3. Semiconductor-NC-metal......Page 583 17.6.4. Semiconductor nanocarbon-MOFs multifunctional materials......Page 584 17.7. Conclusion......Page 594 References......Page 595 18.1. Introduction......Page 612 18.2. Materials and methods......Page 613 18.2.1. Dielectric characterization......Page 614 18.3.1. Structural analysis......Page 615 18.3.2. FTIR analysis......Page 617 18.4. Electrical characterization-determination of energy gap......Page 619 18.5. Dielectric characterization......Page 620 References......Page 622 19.1. Introduction......Page 624 19.2.3. Investigation of performances of Ru/PVPC NPs during DMAB dehydrogenation......Page 626 19.3. Results and discussion......Page 627 References......Page 630 20.1. Introduction......Page 638 20.2.2. Synthesis of Ru nanomaterials stabilized by GO......Page 640 20.3. Results and discussion......Page 641 References......Page 645 21.1. Introduction......Page 652 21.2. Synthesis of a nanographene composite ion exchanger......Page 656 21.3. Properties of a nanographene ion exchanger......Page 664 21.4. Applications of nanographene composite ion exchangers......Page 665 21.5. Conclusion......Page 668 References......Page 669 22.1. Introduction......Page 674 22.2.1. Top-down methods......Page 675 22.2.2. Bottom-up methods......Page 678 22.3. Applications of CDs......Page 685 22.3.1. In vivo and in vitro bioimaging......Page 686 22.3.2. Cancer therapy......Page 687 22.3.4. Sensor and biosensors......Page 690 22.3.5. Catalysis and energy......Page 694 22.4. Concluding remarks......Page 695 References......Page 696 23.1. Introduction......Page 700 23.2.1. Fullerene-phthalocyanines......Page 704 23.2.2. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-Phthalocyanines......Page 708 23.2.3. Graphene-Phthalocyanines......Page 719 23.3. Conclusions......Page 726 References......Page 727 24.1. Introduction......Page 734 24.2.1. Carbon nanocomposites as an adsorption for water purification......Page 736 24.2.2. Carbon and its composites as photocatalysts for water purification......Page 740 24.2.3. Carbon and its composites as desalination for water purification......Page 744 24.2.4. Carbon and its composites as a disinfectant for water purification......Page 747 24.3. In summary......Page 750 References......Page 751 Chapter 25: Ultrasonic treatment in the production of classical composites and carbon nanocomposites......Page 756 25.1. Introduction: Prerequisites for the application of ultrasonic treatment in producing classical composites and carbo .........Page 757 25.2.1. Ultrasound and ultrasonic cavitation......Page 760 25.2.2.1. Sonochemical effects on sol-gel processes for synthesis of polymers......Page 762 25.2.3. Radiation of US energy into a low-viscosity liquid......Page 764 25.2.4. Ultrasonic modification of classical liquid epoxy compositions......Page 765 25.2.5. Ultrasonic cavitation processing devices for production of polymer composite materials......Page 767 25.3. Ultrasonic dispersing of nanoparticles in solutions and liquid polymeric media......Page 769 25.3.1. Ultrasonic dispersing of nanoparticles with organic solvents......Page 770 25.3.2. Ultrasonic dispersing of nanoparticles in liquid oligomers......Page 771 25.3.3. Sonication treatment of graphene dispersions......Page 772 25.4. Ultrasonic treatment for preparation of nanosuspensions......Page 773 25.4.1. Method of preparing nanosuspension in the preparation of a nanocomposite......Page 774 25.4.2. Influence of ultrasonic treatment on thermal and rheological properties of suspensions of carbon nanotubes......Page 775 25.5.1. Graphene......Page 776 25.5.2. Ultrasonic treatment in the production of graphene and graphene-containing products......Page 778 25.6.2. Aerogels based on carbon nanomaterials......Page 780 25.6.3. Aerogels based on graphene oxide: Synthesis and properties......Page 782 25.6.5. Problem situations in obtaining graphene aerogels......Page 785 25.6.6. Potential applications of aerogels......Page 786 25.7.1. Method of direct polymeric infiltration of aerogels......Page 787 25.7.2. Graphene aerogels with adjustable density......Page 788 25.8.1. Modeling of constructive-technological parameters of forming of classical polymer composites......Page 790 25.8.2. Production of nanomodified thermoplastic composite materials by extrusion method with ultrasonic treatment......Page 791 25.8.3. Method for the preparation of nanomodified epoxy compositions and prepregs on its basis......Page 793 25.9. Conclusions......Page 794 References......Page 796 26.1. Introduction......Page 804 26.2. Preparation of NCMFCCs......Page 806 26.3.1. Mechanical properties of NCMFCCs......Page 808 26.3.2. Electrical and self-sensing properties of NCMFCCs......Page 814 26.3.3. Other properties of NCMFCCs......Page 817 26.4. Application cases of NCMFCCs......Page 819 26.5. Summary......Page 820 References......Page 821 Chapter 27: Synthesis, properties, and characterization of carbon nanotube-reinforced metal matrix composites......Page 828 27.1. Introduction......Page 829 27.2.1. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes......Page 832 27.2.2. Carbon Nanotube Characterization......Page 833 27.3.1. Single-walled carbon nanotubes......Page 835 27.4. Composites made of carbon nanotubes......Page 838 27.5.4. Mechanical stirring and casting technique......Page 841 27.6.1. Time consumed for milling......Page 842 27.6.3. Microhardness......Page 843 27.7.1. Implication of CNT percentage with the relative density of the MMC......Page 845 27.7.2. Implication of CNT percentage with the hardness (Hv) of the MMC......Page 847 27.7.5. Implication of CNT percentage with the Young ́s modulus of the MMC......Page 848 27.7.6. Implication of CNT percentage with the yield (0.2% proof) strength of the MMC......Page 849 27.8. Conclusion......Page 850 References......Page 851 Further reading......Page 853 Index......Page 854 Back Cover......Page 874

Nanocarbon and Its Composites: Preparation, Properties and Applications provides a detailed and comprehensive review of all major innovations in the field of nanocarbons and their composites, including preparation, properties and applications. Coverage is broad and quite extensive, encouraging future research in carbon-based materials, which are in high demand due to the need to develop more sustainable, recyclable and eco-friendly methods for materials. Chapters are written by eminent scholars and leading experts from around the globe who discuss the properties and applications of carbon-based materials, such as nanotubes (buckytubes), fullerenes, cones, horns, rods, foams, nanodiamonds and carbon black, and much more.

Chapters provide cutting-edge, up-to-date research findings on the use of carbon-based materials in different application fields and illustrate how to achieve significant enhancements in physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties.

• Demonstrates systematic approaches and investigations from design, synthesis, characterization and applications of nanocarbon based composites
• Aims to compile information on the various aspects of synthesis, properties and applications of nano-carbon based materials
• Presents a useful reference and technical guide for university academics and postgraduate students (Masters and Ph.D.)

Nanocarbon and Its Composites: Preparation, Properties and Applications provides a detailed and comprehensive review of all major innovations in the field of nanocarbons and their composites, including preparation, properties and applications. Coverage is broad and quite extensive, encouraging future research in carbon-based materials, which are in high demand due to the need to develop more sustainable, recyclable and eco-friendly methods for materials. Chapters are written by eminent scholars and leading experts from around the globe who discuss the properties and applications of carbon-based materials, such as nanotubes (buckytubes), fullerenes, cones, horns, rods, foams, nanodiamonds and carbon black, and much more. Chapters provide cutting-edge, up-to-date research findings on the use of carbon-based materials in different application fields and illustrate how to achieve significant enhancements in physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties. Demonstrates systematic approaches and investigations from design, synthesis, characterization and applications of nanocarbon based composites Aims to compile information on the various aspects of synthesis, properties and applications of nano-carbon based materialsPresents a useful reference and technical guide for university academics and postgraduate students (Masters and Ph. D.)