Nano-phytoremediation and Environmental Pollution : Strategies and Mechanisms

The book discusses nano-phytoremediation: the use of nanotechnology in combination with phytoremediation to restore polluted environs. The potentiality of plants in association with nanomaterials to effectively remediate polluted areas is elaborated meritoriously in this book. New strategies are necessary because anthropogenic actions represent a serious threat to life on Earth. This book has given enough space for a discussion of innovative and efficient technologies to restore damaged environs primarily focused on nano-phytoremediation. The first part of the book is dedicated to exploring organic and inorganic pollution and the threats they pose to living forms. The second part explores the joint use of plants and nanomaterials and the nano-phytoremediation of water and soil ecosystems. The book offers readers extensive knowledge on nano-phytoremediation as a feasible strategy to clean environmental pollution. The key features of the book are as follows: Nano-phytoremediation strategies to remediate soil and water ecosystems. Special chapters dedicated to different kinds of pollutants and methods of phytoremediation. Strategies to evaluate the success of nano-phytoremediation strategies, cost-effectiveness, and nano informatics for safe nanotechnology. The book can be used as a primary or supplementary text in undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate courses such as biotechnology, biochemistry, and environmental engineering. It is an interesting edition for instructors, researchers, and scientists working on environmental management and pollution control. Cover Half Title Title Copyright Contents Foreword Editor Biography List of Contributors Chapter 1 Environmental Pollution Caused by Organic Pollutants, Their Harmful Impacts, and Treatment through a Microbiological Approach 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Organic Pollutants 1.3 Soil Pollution 1.4 Water Pollution 1.5 Air Pollution 1.6 Negative Impacts of Organic Pollutants 1.6.1 Impacts on Humans 1.6.2 Impacts on Animals 1.6.3 Impacts on Plants 1.7 Microbiological Approach for Removing Organic Pollutants from the Environment 1.8 Involvement of Genes and Enzymes in the ‘Bioremediation Process’ 1.9 Conclusion Chapter 2 Nanomaterial’s Interesting Characteristics to Remediate Polluted Environs 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Environmental Applications of Nanotechnology 2.2.1 NP Application for the Decontamination of Air 2.2.2 NP Application for the Decontamination of Soil 2.2.3 NP Application for the Decontamination of Water 2.3 The Prospects of Biosynthetic NMs to Repair Organic and Inorganic Environmental Pollutants 2.3.1 Biosensing Mechanisms and the Remediation of Environmental Contaminants 2.3.2 Bimetallic Nanoparticles (BNPs) 2.3.3 Modified Nanoparticles 2.3.4 Multifunctional Nano-Composite 2.3.5 Transformation 2.3.6 Contamination Characteristics and Potential Environmental Implications 2.3.7 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 2.3.8 Metal Nanoparticles 2.3.9 Semiconductor Nanoparticles 2.3.10 Polymeric Nanoparticles 2.3.11 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 2.4 Conclusion Chapter 3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials to Environs’ Remediation 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Nanomaterials 3.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials to Remediate Polluted Water 3.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials to Remediate Polluted Soil 3.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials to Remediate Polluted Air 3.5 Future Perspectives 3.6 Conclusion Chapter 4 Non-Carbon-Based Nano-Materials Used for Environmental Pollution Remediation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Chemical Composition 4.3 Mixed Nano-Particles 4.4 Core-Shell Nano-Particles 4.5 Layered Nano-Particles 4.6 Types of Nano-Materials 4.7 Dimension-Based Nano-Particles 4.7.1 One-Dimensional Nano-Particles 4.7.2 Two-Dimensional Nano-Particles 4.7.3 Three-Dimensional Nano-Particles 4.8 Polymer-Based Nano-Materials 4.9 Metal Oxide-Based Nano-Particles 4.9.1 Iron-Specific Nano-Particles 4.9.2 Manganese Oxide-Specific Nano-Particles 4.9.3 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)-Based Nano-Particles 4.9.4 Magnesium Oxide (MgO)-Specific Nano-Particles 4.10 Silver Nano-Particles 4.11 Environmental Remediation Methods: Environmental Remediation Through Chemical Degradation 4.12 Applications of Nano-Particles for Environmental Remediation 4.13 Conclusion Chapter 5 Green-Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Approaches of NP Synthesis 5.3 Green Synthesis of Various NMs 5.3.1 Metal and Metal Oxide NMs 5.3.2 Carbon-Based NMs 5.3.3 NMs Based on Silica 5.3.4 NMs Based on Polymers 5.4 Application of Green Nanotechnology in Environmental Remediation 5.5 Conclusion Chapter 6 Comparison between Traditional and Nanoremediation Technology with a Special Reference to Soil and Heavy Metal Contamination 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Heavy Metal Contamination 6.3 Contaminated Site Assessment 6.4 Treatment of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil 6.4.1 Traditional Methods of Soil Remediation 6.4.2 Nanoremediation for Heavy Metal Contamination 6.5 Traditional Remediation Methods versus Nanoremediation 6.6 Conclusion Chapter 7 Joint Use of Nanomaterials and Plants for the Remediation of Inorganic Pollutants 7.1 Inorganic Pollutants 7.2 Critical Threshold Value of Inorganic Pollutants 7.3 Inorganic Pollutants in Air 7.4 Inorganic Pollutants in Water 7.5 Inorganic Pollutants in Soil 7.6 Health Hazards from Inorganic Pollutants 7.7 Emerging Pollutants 7.7.1 Pharmaceuticals 7.7.2 Personal Care Products 7.7.3 Sunscreen Products 7.8 Strategies to Remediate Inorganic Pollutants 7.8.1 Bioremediation 7.8.2 Types of Bioremediation 7.8.3 Phytoremediators in Pollutant Remediation 7.9 Nano Treatments of Inorganic Pollutants 7.10 Limitations of Chemically Synthesized Nano Treatments 7.11 Green Nanomaterials 7.12 Mode of the Mechanism for Nano Treatments 7.12.1 Adsorption 7.12.2 Photocatalysis 7.13 Success Stories of Green Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Inorganic Pollutants 7.14 Conclusion Chapter 8 Integration of Nano-Phytoremediation and Omics Technology for Sustainable Environmental Cleanup 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Various Methods Employed in Soil Remediation 8.2.1 Physical Method 8.2.2 Chemical Method 8.2.3 Physiochemical Method 8.2.4 Biological Method 8.2.5 Phytoextraction 8.2.6 Phytodegradation/Phytotransformation 8.2.7 Phytostabilization 8.2.8 Phytovolatilization 8.2.9 Rhizodegradation/Filtration 8.3 Role of Nanotechnology in Phytoremediation 8.4 Omics Approaches in Phytoremediation 8.5 CRISPR/Cas9 Technology—A Genome Editing Tool to Design Engineered Plants with Efficient Phytoremediation Potential 8.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations Chapter 9 Water Nano-Phytoremediation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Water Contamination and Health Impacts 9.3 Remediation of Contaminated Water 9.3.1 Nanoremediation 9.3.2 Phytoremediation 9.4 Nanotechnology and Phytoremediation: Nano-Phytoremediation 9.4.1 Selection of Plant Species for Nano-Phytoremediation 9.4.2 Ideal Nanoparticle Features for Nano-Phytoremediation 9.4.3 Factors Influencing the Nano-Phytoremediation of Contaminants 9.5 Advantages of Nano-Phytoremediation 9.6 Role of Nanoparticles in Phytoremediation 9.6.1 Plant Growth 9.6.2 Phytoavailability of Contaminants 9.6.3 Nano-Phytoremediation of Contaminated Water 9.7 Challenges of Nano-Phytoremediation 9.8 Conclusion Chapter 10 Nanotools-Coupled Phytoremediation: Auspicious Technology for the Detoxification of Contaminated Pedospheric Matrices 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methods 10.2.1 Search Strategy 10.3 Sustainable Phytoremediation and Ecological Detoxification 10.4 Categorization of Phytoremediation 10.5 Nano-Enabled Phytoremediation 10.6 Challenges and Recommendations 10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives Chapter 11 Iron Nanoparticles for Nano-Phytoremediation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles (The Reduction of Fe(II) or Fe(III) Salt with Sodium Borohydride in an Aqueous Medium) 11.2.1 Advantages of Catalysts 11.2.2 Using Iron Nanoparticles to Promote the Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil 11.3 Nanomaterials’ Function in the Phytoremediation System 11.3.1 Direct Removal of Pollutants 11.3.2 Promoting Plant Growth 11.3.3 Enhanced Phytoavailability 11.4 Ecofriendly Application of Nanomaterials: Nano Bioremediation 11.4.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 11.4.2 Applications of Iron Nanoparticles 11.5 Using Nanomaterials to Facilitate Phytoremediation 11.5.1 How Nanomaterials Can Function in the Phytoremediation System 11.5.2 Selection of an Ideal Nanoparticle for Phytoremediation 11.5.3 Selection of the Proper Plant Species for Remediation 11.5.4 Phytointeraction with the Nanoparticle 11.6 Conclusion Chapter 12 Silver Nanoparticles for Nano-Phytoremediation: Recent Advancements and the Potential of Nano Silver-Consolidated Phytoremediation in Ecospheric Decontamination 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methods 12.2.1 Search Approach 12.3 Ecological Integrity: The Role of Nanotechnology and Phytoremediation 12.4 Agricultural Significance and Synthetic Routes of Ag NPs 12.5 Ag NP-Enabled Sustainable Phytoremediation 12.6 Challenges and Conclusion Chapter 13 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Nano-Phytoremediation 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Nanoparticles 13.3 Magnetic NPs 13.4 NPs and Green Plants 13.5 Fe-MNPs and Green Plants 13.5.1 nFe2O3 13.5.2 nFe3O4 13.5.3 nZVI 13.6 Fe-MNPs and Ecosystem Remediation 13.7 Phytoremediation 13.7.1 Phytoremediation of Fe-MNPs 13.8 Nano-Phytoremediation 13.8.1 Fe-MNP-Based Nano-Phytoremediation 13.9 Nano-Phytoremediation Applications 13.9.1 Nano-Phytoremediation of Pollutants in Soil 13.9.2 Nano-Phytoremediation for Water Contamination 13.10 Challenges and Future Prospects of Nano-Phytoremediation 13.11 Conclusion Chapter 14 Sustainability Aspects of Nanoremediation and Nanophytoremediation 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Nanoremediation: A New and Evolving Technology for the Elimination of Toxic Waste Products from the Environment 14.3 Types of Nanoparticles 14.3.1 Nanomaterials of an Inorganic Nature, Based on Metals and Their Oxides 14.3.2 Nanoparticles Based on Silica 14.3.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 14.3.4 Graphene Materials 14.3.5 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles 14.4 Nanoremediation Challenges Involved 14.5 Economics of Nanoremediation 14.6 Health and Safety Risks 14.7 Future of Nanoremediation 14.8 Conclusion 14.9 Nanophytoremediation 14.9.1 Phytodegradation 14.9.2 Phytostabilization (Phytoimmobilization) 14.9.3 Phytovolatilization 14.9.4 Phytoextraction (Phytoaccumulation) 14.9.5 Rhizodegradation/Phytostimulation 14.9.6 Phytofiltration 14.10 Nanomaterial-Facilitated Phytoremediation for the Removal of Heavy Metals 14.10.1 Lead (Pb) 14.10.2 Cadmium (Cd) 14.10.3 Arsenic (As) 14.11 Nanoremediation Aspects of Sustainability 14.12 Processes of Sustainable Remediation 14.12.1 Phytoremediation 14.12.2 In-Situ Bioremediation 14.12.3 In-Situ Solidification/Stabilization 14.12.4 Remedial Process Optimization 14.13 Criteria for Sustainability Remediation (M.J. Harbottle & A. Al-Tabbaa) 14.13.1 First Criterion 14.13.2 Second Criterion 14.13.3 Third Criterion 14.13.4 Fourth Criterion 14.13.5 Fifth Criterion 14.14 Nanophytoremediation Challenges 14.15 Conclusion and Future Perspectives of Nanophytoremediation Chapter 15 Emerging Techniques for the Treatment of Wastewater 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Emerging Techniques for the Treatment of Wastewater 15.2.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes 15.3 Ozonation 15.4 Fenton Process 15.5 Photo-Fenton Process 15.6 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 15.7 AOPs Combined with Biological Treatments 15.8 Membrane Filtration Technologies 15.8.1 Ultrafiltration 15.9 Nanofiltration 15.10 Nanotechnology 15.11 Nanoparticles 15.12 Silver Nanoparticles 15.13 Nano Zero-Valent Iron 15.14 Nano-Adsorbents 15.15 Nanofibers and Nanobiocides 15.16 Nanosensors 15.17 Photocatalysis 15.18 Nanocellulose 15.19 Carbon Nanotube Membranes 15.20 2D Nanostructures 15.21 Magnetic Separation 15.22 Conclusion Index The book discusses nano-phytoremediation: the use of nanotechnology in combination with phytoremediation to restore polluted environs. The potentiality of plants in association with nanomaterials to effectively remediate polluted areas is elaborated meritoriously in this book. New strategies are necessary because anthropogenic actions represent a serious threat to life on Earth. This book has given enough space for a discussion of innovative and efficient technologies to restore damaged environs primarily focused on nano-phytoremediation. The first part of the book is dedicated to exploring organic and inorganic pollution and the threats they pose to living forms. The second part explores the joint use of plants and nanomaterials and the nano-phytoremediation of water and soil ecosystems. The book offers readers extensive knowledge on nano-phytoremediation as a feasible strategy to clean environmental pollution. The key features of the book are as follows: Nano-phytoremediation strategies to remediate soil and water ecosystems. Special chapters dedicated to different kinds of pollutants and methods of phytoremediation. Strategies to evaluate the success of nano-phytoremediation strategies, cost-effectiveness, and nano informatics to safe nanotechnology. The book can be used as a primary or supplementary text in undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate courses such as biotechnology, biochemistry, and environmental engineering. It is an interesting edition for instructors, researchers, and scientists working on environmental management and pollution control.