Nano-Optics and Near-Field Optical Microscopy

Developments in nanoscience, biotechnology and photonics are on the verge of offering great opportunities for the exploration of optical interactions at the nanoscale. Today, there is an ever-increasing need for optical imaging tools that are able to resolve features at the length-scales relevant for biological cells, molecules, and complexes, as well as for the rapidly developing class of materials known as nanostructures. Addressing this need, this groundbreaking book serves as a one-stop review of modern nano-optical and nano-imaging techniques, applications, and developments. It focuses on near-field microscopy which has opened up optical processes at the nanoscale for direct inspection. This frontline resource helps researchers and engineers achieve high resolution optical imaging of biological species and functional materials. The book also offers detailed coverage of the imaging of optical device operation and new nanophotonics functionalities. Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 14 Part I: Nano-Optics and Near-Field Microscopy......Page 16 1.2.1 Unsurpassed Chemical Specificity......Page 20 1.2.2 Limitations......Page 21 1.2.3 Topics in Near-Field Optics......Page 22 1.3.2 NOM Probes......Page 23 1.3.3 Image Formation......Page 24 1.3.4 Modes of Operation......Page 25 1.3.6 Applications......Page 26 1.4.3 Molecule in Front of Another Medium......Page 27 1.4.5 Rayleigh and Mie Scattering of Light......Page 28 1.4.8 Early Proposals for Super-Resolution Optical Microscopy......Page 29 1.5.2 Consolidation and Generalization......Page 30 References......Page 31 2.1 Introduction......Page 36 2.2.1 Maxwell’s Stress Tensor......Page 37 2.3 The Dipole Approximation......Page 38 2.4 Force on a Dipolar Particle Due to an Evanescent Wave......Page 39 2.5 Force on Particles upon Surfaces......Page 40 2.5.1 Dipolar Particles......Page 41 2.5.2 Particles with Sizes on the Order of the Wavelength......Page 43 2.6 Forces and Surface Topography: Nanoparticle Resonances......Page 44 2.7 Optical Binding......Page 48 2.8.1 Manipulation of Lossless Particles......Page 50 2.8.2 Manipulation of Dielectric and Absorbing Particles......Page 53 2.8.3 Manipulation of Metallic Particles......Page 54 2.9 Nanomanipulation with a Photonic Crystal......Page 55 2.10 Conclusion......Page 56 References......Page 57 3.1 Introduction......Page 62 3.2 Interaction of Light with Single Two-Level Quantum Systems......Page 63 3.3 Fluorescent Molecules at Ambient Conditions as Local Field Probes......Page 65 3.4 Mapping the Field Distribution in a Focused Laser Beam......Page 66 3.5 Mapping the Field Distribution at a Sharp Tip......Page 70 3.6 Energy Transfer and Quenching......Page 73 References......Page 77 4.1 Introduction......Page 82 4.2.1 Aperture-Based SHG SNOM......Page 83 4.2.2 Apertureless SHG SNOM......Page 85 4.3 Near-Field SHG at Metal Surfaces......Page 86 4.3.1 SHG Enhancement at Individual Surface Defects......Page 87 4.4 Apertureless Second-Harmonic SNOM......Page 90 4.4.1 SHG in the Presence of a Probe Tip......Page 91 4.4.3 Experimental Realization of SHG ASNOM......Page 95 4.5 Near-Field SHG Imaging of Functional Materials......Page 97 4.5.1 SHG Imaging of Magnetic Domains......Page 99 4.5.2 Local Poling Analysis of Ferroelectric Materials......Page 100 References......Page 103 5.1 Introduction......Page 108 5.2 Conjugated Polymer Blends......Page 109 5.3.1 Application to Conjugated Polymers......Page 110 5.3.2 Implementation......Page 111 5.3.3 The Nature of the Near-Field Illumination......Page 112 5.4.1 An Energy-Transfer Blend for Light Emitting Applications......Page 113 5.4.2 A Charge-Transfer Blend for Photocells......Page 115 5.5 Photoconductivity SNOM......Page 117 5.6 Near-Field Photolithography......Page 118 References......Page 120 Part II: Nanophotonics......Page 124 6.1 Introduction......Page 128 6.2 Sample Fabrication and SNOM Experimental Setup......Page 130 6.3 Near-Field Imaging of PhCWs: Qualitative Considerations......Page 133 6.4.1 PhCW Propagation Loss......Page 135 6.4.2 PhCW Mode Dispersion......Page 137 6.4.3 Loss in Gradual PhCW Bends......Page 139 6.4.4 Loss in Double 60° PhCW Bends......Page 141 6.4.5 Directional Couplers (Sample N5)......Page 142 6.5 Conclusions......Page 144 References......Page 145 7.1 Introduction......Page 150 7.2.1 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer......Page 151 7.2.2 Lock-in Detection......Page 152 7.2.3 Light Source Requirements......Page 153 7.3.1 Setup Considerations......Page 155 7.3.3 Determination of the Phase Velocity......Page 156 7.3.4 Determination of the Group Velocity......Page 159 7.4 Pulse Tracking in Dispersive Media......Page 161 7.4.1 The Influence of Group Velocity Dispersion......Page 162 7.4.2 The Influence of Higher-Order Dispersion......Page 164 7.4.3 Slow-Pulse Propagation with Low Dispersion......Page 167 References......Page 171 Part III: Plasmonics......Page 174 8.1.1 Visualizing Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Metal Structures......Page 180 8.1.2 Monitoring Effects of Localized Surface Plasmons on Metal Nanoparticles......Page 181 8.2.1 Introduction......Page 182 8.2.2 Fabrication of Microscale Arrays of Nanoholes......Page 184 8.2.3 Illumination-Mode SNOM of Nanohole Arrays......Page 185 8.2.4 Collection Mode SNOM of Nanohole Arrays......Page 188 8.2.5 Near-Field and Far-Field Characterization of Anisotropic Nanohole Arrays......Page 196 8.3 Future Directions and Outlook......Page 198 References......Page 199 9.1 Introduction......Page 202 9.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonances......Page 203 9.3 Localization of Light on Semicontinuous Films......Page 204 9.3.1 Coupling Between Localized and Propagative Surface Plasmon Modeson Semicontinuous Metallic Films......Page 205 9.3.2 Nano-Optical Experiments on Semicontinuous Films......Page 207 9.3.3 Fluorescence Enhancements and Nonlinear Effects......Page 209 9.4 Conclusion......Page 210 References......Page 211 10.1 Introduction......Page 216 10.1.1 Hybrid Plasmonic Nanoparticles......Page 217 10.1.2 Scope of the Review......Page 218 10.2.2 Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Deposition......Page 219 10.3.1 Theoretical Background......Page 221 10.3.2 Coherent Coupling Between a Dipolar Plasmon and a MolecularExciton......Page 223 10.3.3 Coherent Coupling Between a Delocalized Plasmon and a Molecular Exciton......Page 225 10.3.4 Ultrafast Dynamics of Mixed States......Page 233 10.5 Near-Field Optical Response of Plasmon-Exciton Hybrid Nanoparticles......Page 235 10.6 Conclusions......Page 238 References......Page 239 Part IV: Apertureless Near-Field Optical Microscopy......Page 244 11.1 Introduction......Page 250 11.2 Principle of Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (s-SNOM)......Page 251 11.3 Theory of Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy......Page 253 11.5 Experimental Realization of s-SNOM......Page 256 11.6 Contrast and Resolution in s-SNOM Images......Page 261 11.7 Molecular Vibrational Near-Field Contrast......Page 264 11.8 Tip-Induced Polariton Resonance......Page 266 11.9 Nanoscale Coherent Imaging of Optical Eigenfield Patterns......Page 268 11.10 Applications of s-SNOM......Page 271 Acknowledgments......Page 274 References......Page 275 12.1 Introduction......Page 282 12.2 Contrast in Tip-Enhanced Fluorescence Microscopy......Page 284 12.3 Contrast with Fluorescence Modulation......Page 288 12.4 Improving Contrast via Demodulation......Page 291 12.5 Optimizing Tip Oscillation Amplitude......Page 294 12.6 TEFM Imaging of Single Molecules and DNA......Page 296 12.7 Conclusions......Page 300 References......Page 301 13.2 Field-Enhancement at a Metal Tip......Page 304 13.3 Experimental Setup......Page 305 13.4.1 Introduction......Page 306 13.4.2 Spatial Resolution, Field Localization, and Signal Enhancement......Page 307 13.4.3 Mapping Molecular Junctions in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes......Page 308 13.5.2 Near-Field Photoluminescence Imaging......Page 312 References......Page 315 14.1 Introduction......Page 318 14.2 Tip-Enhanced Optical Lithography on Azobenzene-Containing Polymers......Page 319 14.3 Mask-Based SPOL on Azobenezene-Containing Polymers......Page 322 14.4 Near-Field Photopolymerization Based on Localized Surface Plasmons: Toward New Hybrid Particles for Nanophotonics......Page 326 14.5 Conclusions and Future Routes......Page 331 References......Page 332 15.1 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer......Page 334 15.2 The Idea of FRET-Based Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy......Page 337 15.3.1 FRET-SNOM Imaging with Many FRET Pairs: Subtip Resolution......Page 340 15.3.2 Single-Molecule FRET-SNOM Imaging......Page 343 15.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 345 Acknowledgments......Page 346 References......Page 347 16.1.1 Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering......Page 350 16.1.3 Fluorescence Enhancement by Single Metal Nanoparticles......Page 351 16.2 Optical Antennas......Page 354 16.3.1 Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) and Microscopy......Page 355 16.4 Conclusion......Page 356 References......Page 357 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 360 About the Editors......Page 362 List of Contributors......Page 364 Index......Page 368 "Developments in nanoscience, biotechnology and photonics are on the verge of offering great opportunities for the exploration of optical interactions at the nanoscale. Today, there is an ever-increasing need for optical imaging tools that are able to resolve features at the length-scales relevant for biological cells, molecules, and complexes, as well as for the rapidly developing class of materials known as nanostructures. Addressing this need, this book focuses on near-field microscopy which has opened up optical processes at the nanoscale for direct inspection. Further, it explores the emerging area of nano-optics which promises to make possible optical microscopy with true nanometer resolution." "This frontline resource helps engineers and researchers achieve high resolution optical imaging of biological species and functional materials. Readers also find guidance in the imaging of optical device operation and new nanophotonics functionalities. From near-field photonic forces, to tip-enhanced optical spectroscopy, to nano-optics with single quantum systems, this cutting-edge volume serves as a one-stop review of modern nano-optical and nano-imaging techniques, applications, and developments."--Jacket

Developments in nanoscience, biotechnology and photonics are on the verge of offering great opportunities for the exploration of optical interactions at the nanoscale. Today, there is an ever-increasing need for optical imaging tools that are able to resolve features at the length-scales relevant for biological cells, molecules, and complexes, as well as for the rapidly developing class of materials known as nanostructures. Addressing this need, this book focuses on near-field microscopy which has opened up optical processes at the nanoscale for direct inspection. Further, it explores the emerging area of nano-optics which promises to make possible optical microscopy with true nanometer resolution. This frontline resource helps engineers and researchers achieve high resolution optical imaging of biological species and functional materials. Readers also find guidance in the imaging of optical device operation and new nanophotonics functionalities. From near-field photonic forces, to tip-enhanced optical spectroscopy, to nano-optics with single quantum systems, this cutting-edge volume serves as a one-stop review of modern nano-optical and nano-imaging techniques, applications, and developments.