Nano-biosorbents for Decontamination of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

Nano-biosorbents for Decontamination of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution explores the properties of nanobiosorbents and their applications in the removal of contaminants from the natural environment. The use of nanobiosorbents for environmental protection is a combinational approach that incorporates nanotechnology with naturally occurring biopolymers that form an amalgamation of nano-biopolymers used as sorbent materials in the removal of a variety of contaminants from wastewaters. This is an important reference source for materials scientists, bioscientists and environmental scientists who are looking to understand how nanobiosorbents are being used for a range of environmental applications. Highlights the environmental applications of chitosan-based, cellulose-based and polymer-based nanoscale biosorbents Explains the advantages of using different types of nanobiosorbents for soil, water and air purification applications Assesses the challenges associated with manufacturing nanobiosorbents cheaply and on an industrial scale Front Cover Nano-biosorbents for Decontamination of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution Copyright Dedication Contents Contributors Part I: Basics principles Chapter 1: Nano-biosorbents for contaminant removal: An introduction 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Nanobiopolymers 1.2.1. Nanocellulose 1.2.2. Nanochitin 1.2.3. Nanosilk 1.2.4. Nanostarch 1.2.5. Microbial nanobiopolymers 1.3. Nanobiopolymer fabrication techniques 1.3.1. Nanocellulose isolation 1.3.2. Nanochitin isolation 1.3.3. Nanosilk isolation 1.3.4. Nanostarch isolation 1.3.5. Microbial nanobiopolymers 1.4. Environmental applications of nanobiopolymers 1.5. Conclusion 1.6. Future outlook References Chapter 2: Introduction to nano-biosorbents 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Concept of biosorption 2.3. Incorporation of nanotechnology with biosorption 2.3.1. Magnetic modification of the nano-biosorbents 2.3.2. Immobilization onto solid surface 2.3.3. Engineering of nanoscale zero-valent metals 2.4. Green approach for contaminants removal using nano-biosorbents 2.4.1. Removal of organic pollutants 2.4.2. Removal of inorganic pollutants 2.5. Conclusion References Chapter 3: Nanobiosorbents: Basic principles, synthesis, and application for contaminants removal 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Fundamentals of nanobiosorption 3.3. General preparation of nanobiosorbents 3.3.1. Mechanical mixing of the components 3.3.2. In situ particles synthesis 3.4. Common natural biopolymers based nanobiosorbents 3.4.1. Nanobiosorbents based on cellulosic material 3.4.2. Nanobiosorbents based on chitin/chitosan 3.4.3. Nanobiosorbents based on starch 3.4.4. Nanobiosorbents based on gums 3.4.5. Nanobiosorbents based on alginate 3.4.6. Nanobiosorbents based on pectin 3.5. Applications of nanobiosorbents in contaminants removal 3.6. Conclusion Acknowledgment Conflict of interests References Chapter 4: Methods for the synthesis of nano-biosorbents for the contaminant removal 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Types of nano-biosorbents 4.3. Methods for the synthesis of nano-biosorbents and their applications 4.4. Conclusion References Chapter 5: An insight into the potential contaminants, their effects, and removal means 5.1. Contaminants of concern 5.2. Understanding the major contaminants and sources 5.3. Metals, metalloids, organometals 5.3.1. Arsenic 5.3.2. Lead 5.3.3. Mercury 5.4. Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) 5.4.1. Pesticides 5.4.2. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 5.5. Removal of emerging contaminants 5.5.1. ECs removal methods based on physical interaction Adsorption applications Membrane process Membranes for removal of emerging contaminants from water: Which kind of membranes should we use? ECs removal by hybrid systems 5.5.2. Chemical operations Chlorination Ozonation Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) Fenton process Photolysis 5.5.3. Biological applications Conventional processes Non-conventional processes 5.6. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 6: Advantages of nanoadsorbents, biosorbents, and nanobiosorbents for contaminant removal 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Types of contaminants 6.2.1. Dyes Cationic dyes Anionic dyes Non-ionic dyes 6.2.2. Heavy metal 6.2.3. Pharmaceutical drugs 6.2.4. Pesticides/insecticides 6.2.5. Other contaminants 6.3. Different methods for wastewater treatment 6.3.1. Electrochemical method 6.3.2. Coagulation and flocculation 6.3.3. Ion-exchange process 6.3.4. Membrane filtration 6.3.5. Chemical precipitation 6.3.6. Sorption method 6.4. Biosorption 6.5. Factors affecting the biosorption process 6.5.1. Effect of pH 6.5.2. Effect of temperature 6.5.3. Effect of initial pollutions concentration 6.5.4. Effect of biosorbent dose 6.5.5. Effect of contact time 6.5.6. Effect of agitation rate 6.6. Types of adsorbents and their properties in wastewater treatment 6.6.1. Agricultural waste materials 6.6.2. Industrial by-products 6.6.3. Marine materials 6.6.4. Microbial biosorbents Bacteria as biosorbent Algae as biosorbent Fungi as biosorbent 6.6.5. Soil and ore materials 6.6.6. Nanoadsorbent 6.7. Conclusion References Chapter 7: Nanomaterials for removal of heavy metals from wastewater 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Pollution sources and treatment strategies 7.3. Metal based-nanomaterials 7.4. Metal oxide-based nanomaterials 7.4.1. Iron oxide-based nanomaterials 7.4.2. Manganese oxide based nanomaterials 7.4.3. TiO2-/ZnO-based nanomaterials 7.4.4. Aluminum oxide-based nanomaterials 7.4.5. MgO based nanomaterials 7.4.6. Cerium/zirconium oxide-based nanomaterials 7.5. Biochar-supported NMs 7.6. Biochar-supported nanoparticles heavy metals treatment 7.7. Heavy metals elimination via adsorption 7.8. Heavy metals removal through photocatalysis 7.9. Photo-Fenton and Fenton reactions 7.10. Conclusions and future perspectives References Chapter 8: Nanosorbents for heavy metals removal 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Inorganic NMs 8.2.1. Transition metal oxide NMs Iron oxide NMs Magnetic (Fe3O4) NMs Maghemite (c-Fe2O3) nanoparticles Hematite (a-Fe2O3) NPs Superparamagnetic nanoparticles Titanium oxide NPs and titanate nanostructures Miscellaneous 8.2.2. Transition metal NPs Gold NPs Silver NPs Iron NPs 8.2.3. Transition metal-sulfide NPs 8.2.4. Carbon-based NMs Carbon-NTs and surface modified NTs Graphene and GO nanomaterials 8.2.5. SiO2-supported NMs 8.3. Polymer-organic NMs 8.4. Polymer-supported organic NCs 8.5. Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter 9: Non-toxic nature of nano-biosorbents as a positive approach toward green environment 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Nano-biosorbents surface modification for environmental remediation 9.2.1. Chitosan Action exhibited by the examples on test living organism 9.2.2. Alginate nano-biosorbents Magnetic modification Immobilization Nanoscale zero-valent metals 9.2.3. Nanocelullose Nanocellulose composites Nanocellulose modification 9.3. Magnetic nanoparticles immobilized as nano-biosorbent 9.4. Application in heavy metal removal 9.5. Application emerging contaminant 9.6. Application classic contaminant 9.7. Advantages of nano-engineered adsorbent and future prospects References Chapter 10: Nanoadsorbents for environmental remediation of polluting agents 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Nanoadsorbents and their useful aspects 10.3. Carbon-based nanoadsorbents 10.3.1. Carbon nanotubes-based nanoadsorbent materials 10.3.2. Graphene-based nanoadsorbent materials 10.4. Nanoparticles-based nanoadsorbent materials 10.4.1. Metallic nanoparticles-based nanoadsorbent materials 10.4.2. Biogenic nanoparticles-based nanoadsorbent materials 10.5. Concluding remarks and outlook Acknowledgments Conflicts of interest References Part II: Cellulose-based nanobiosorbents for decontamination of environmental matrices Chapter 11: Risk assessment of nanocellulose exposure 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Risk assessment framework 11.2.1. Hazard identification 11.2.2. Exposure assessment 11.2.3. Risk estimation 11.2.4. Risk management 11.3. Guidelines and regulations 11.4. Conclusions and implications of the study References Chapter 12: Cellulose-based nanobiosorbents: An insight 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Nanocellulose and its sources 12.2.1. Plant cellulose 12.2.2. Tunicates and algal cellulose (AC) 12.2.3. Bacterial cellulose 12.3. Types of nanocellulose 12.3.1. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) 12.3.2. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) 12.4. Environmental and agricultural applications of nanocellulose 12.5. Conclusion and future outlook References Chapter 13: Synthesis and properties of cellulose-based nanobiosorbents 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Nanocellulose 13.3. Isolation of nanocellulose from various sources 13.3.1. Isolation of nanocellulose from forest residue 13.3.2. Isolation of nanocellulose from agricultural residue 13.3.3. Isolation of nanocellulose from algae waste 13.3.4. Isolation of nanocellulose from industrial by-product 13.4. Properties of nanocellulose 13.4.1. Physical, mechanical, and rheological properties 13.4.2. Chemical and thermal properties 13.4.3. Electrical and optical properties of nanocellulose 13.4.4. Biological properties of nanocellulose 13.5. Characterization of nanocellulose 13.6. Surface modification of nanocellulose 13.6.1. Functionalization to impart ionic charge on nanocellulose Phosphorylation Carboxymethylation Oxidation Sulfonation 13.6.2. Functionalization to generate hydrophobic surface Acetylation Etherification Silylation Amidation Urithenization 13.7. Nanocellulose-based nanocomposites 13.8. Bacterial nanocellulose 13.9. Properties of BNC 13.10. Applications of nanocellulose 13.10.1. Application in paper and packaging industry 13.10.2. Energy and electronics industry Flexible electronics Digital display and light-emitting diodes (LED) Opto electronics Energy harvesting and storage 13.10.3. Applications in biomedical field Drug delivery system Tissue engineering Cardiovascular implant Antibacterial/antimicrobial activity 13.10.4. Application as adsorbent for environmental remediation Heavy metal removal Dye removal Organic pollutant adsorption Oil adsorption Removal of air pollutants 13.10.5. Nanocellulose-based membrane for water treatment 13.10.6. Nanocellulose for gas separation 13.11. Challenges and future perspectives 13.12. Conclusions References Chapter 14: Introduction to cellulose-based nanobiosorbents 14.1. Contextualization 14.2. Classification and preparation of CN structures 14.3. Adsorption/desorption process 14.3.1. Types and regeneration process 14.3.2. Desorption/regeneration process 14.4. Final remarks and future perspectives References Chapter 15: Cellulose composites as nanobiosorbents for ecological remediation 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Ecological remediation by cellulose nanocomposites 15.2.1. Air filtration 15.2.2. Water treatment Ions removal Cations Anions Dyes removal Drugs removal Pesticides removal 15.2.3. Soil remediation 15.3. Conclusion References Chapter 16: Modification and derivatization of cellulose-based nanobiosorbents and their utilization in environmental rem ... 16.1. Cellulose-based nanomaterials as biosorbents 16.1.1. Structural properties of cellulose 16.1.2. Classification of nanocellulose 16.1.3. Production of nanocellulose 16.1.4. Advantages of nanocellulose as biosorbents 16.1.5. Limitations of nanocellulose production 16.2. Molecular functionalization of cellulose-based materials 16.2.1. Carboxylate-based modification 16.2.2. Sulfur-based modification 16.2.3. Chemical modification with amines 16.2.4. Phosphorylation of cellulose 16.2.5. Hydrophobic nanocellulose 16.3. Inorganic nanostructures modified cellulose: Improved multifunctional adsorbents 16.4. Adsorbents with photocatalytic/antibacterial functions 16.5. Conclusions References Chapter 17: Cellulose-based nano-biosorbents in water purification 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Cellulose and its application 17.2.1. Cellulose in water purification 17.3. Cellulose-based composites for the removal of dyes 17.4. Cellulose-based composites for the removal of heavy metals 17.5. Cellulose-based composites for the removal of pharmaceuticals 17.6. Conclusion References Part III: Chitosan-based nanobiosorbents for deterioration of environmental matrices Chapter 18: Toxic metals adsorption from water using chitosan nanoderivatives 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Arsenic 18.3. Cadmium 18.4. Chromium 18.5. Mercury 18.6. Lead 18.7. Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 19: Toxicological impact and adsorptive removal of triclosan from water bodies using chitosan and carbon-based n 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Occurrence, persistence, and ecological impacts of triclosan 19.3. Toxicity and ecological effects of TCS 19.3.1. Genotoxicity 19.3.2. Reproductive, endocrine disruption, and developmental toxicity 19.3.3. Neurotoxicity 19.3.4. Carcinogenicity and immunotoxicity 19.3.5. Combined toxicity 19.3.6. Inducing microbial resistance 19.3.7. Toxic effect of transformed products 19.3.8. Ecosystem impact 19.4. Treatment technologies for removing TCS 19.5. Removal of TCS by adsorption techniques 19.5.1. Activated carbon 19.5.2. Magnetic activated carbon 19.5.3. Chitosan/carbon nanotubes based adsorbents 19.5.4. Diatomite 19.5.5. TCS-CTS-Fe0-MIP 19.5.6. Combined processes for TCS removal 19.5.7. Triclosan removal by MOFs 19.6. Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgment Conflict of interest References Part IV: Multifarious biopolymers as nanobiosorbents for decontamination of environmental matrices Chapter 20: Sorbent based on citrus peel waste for wastewater treatment 20.1. Introduction 20.2. Characteristics of citrus peel waste 20.2.1. Sorption properties of citrus fruit waste 20.3. Conversion of citrus fruit waste to activated carbon 20.3.1. Characteristics of activated carbon 20.3.2. Activated carbon production and physicochemical properties 20.3.3. Possible surface groups on activated carbon materials 20.3.4. Conversion of orange peel waste into activated carbon and its application 20.3.5. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from citrus peel waste 20.4. Electrochemical properties of active carbon materials based on citrus fruits 20.5. Regeneration of active carbon material 20.6. Discussions 20.7. Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter 21: Alginate-based nanobiosorbents for bioremediation of environmental pollutants 21.1. Introduction 21.2. Synthesis of alginate-based composites 21.3. Role of alginate-based composites for removal of heavy metals 21.3.1. Carbonaceous/polymeric-based sodium alginate composites 21.3.2. Nanomaterials-based sodium alginate composites 21.4. Role of alginate-based composites for removal of dyes 21.4.1. Carbonaceous/polymeric-based sodium alginate composites 21.4.2. Nanomaterials-based sodium alginate composites 21.5. Removal of radionuclides 21.6. Removal of pharmaceutical contaminants 21.7. Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgment References Chapter 22: Synthesis of novel nanobioadsorbent for the effective removal of Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions-Adsorption, eq 22.1. Introduction 22.2. Materials and methods 22.2.1. Reagents 22.2.2. Nanobioadsorbent preparation 22.2.3. Adsorption equilibrium experiments 22.2.4. Adsorption kinetics and mechanism experiments 22.2.5. Statistical analysis using response surface methodology 22.3. Results and discussion 22.3.1. Characterization of adsorbents 22.3.2. Effect of pH 22.3.3. Effect of adsorbent dosage 22.3.4. Effect of initial concentration 22.3.5. Effect of contact time 22.3.6. Adsorption isotherms 22.3.7. Adsorption kinetics 22.3.8. Central composite design model 22.3.9. Statistical analysis 22.3.10. Process optimization 22.4. Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 23: Nanocrystalline NiO powder: Synthesis, characterization and emerging applications 23.1. Introduction 23.2. Methods for synthesis and characterization of NiO powder 23.2.1. Method for synthesis 23.2.2. Characterization techniques 23.3. Structures and properties of nanocrystalline NiO powders 23.3.1. Structural studies 23.3.2. Magnetic properties 23.3.3. Electron paramagnetic studies 23.4. Emerging applications 23.4.1. Environmental remediation 23.4.2. Biomedical application 23.4.3. Catalytic application 23.5. Summary Acknowledgment Conflict of interest References Chapter 24: Attraction to adsorption: Preparation methods and performance of novel magnetic biochars for water and wastew ... 24.1. Introduction 24.2. Synthesis and preparation methods 24.3. Magnetic properties 24.4. Adsorption applications 24.4.1. Inorganic pollutants 24.4.2. Organic pollutants 24.4.3. Complex mixtures 24.5. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 25: Biomass-derived nanocomposites: A critical evaluation of their performance toward the capture of inorganic po ... 25.1. Introduction 25.2. Biomass-derived adsorbents 25.2.1. Biosorbents 25.2.2. Pristine biochar 25.2.3. Activated carbon 25.2.4. Lignin 25.2.5. Graphene 25.3. Synthesis of nanocomposites 25.3.1. In-situ development of nanoparticles 25.3.2. Blending of constituents 25.3.3. Functionalization of carbon phase 25.4. Active phases 25.4.1. Metals and alloys 25.4.2. Metal oxides and oxyhydroxides 25.4.3. Minerals 25.4.4. Magnetic phases 25.5. Adsorbents for aqueous pollutants 25.5.1. Hexavalent chromium 25.5.2. Lead 25.5.3. Arsenic 25.5.4. Copper 25.5.5. Cadmium 25.5.6. Uranium 25.5.7. Other aqueous pollutants 25.6. Adsorbents for pollutants in gaseous forms 25.6.1. Flue gases 25.6.2. Biogas 25.7. Adsorbents for soil remediation 25.8. Conclusions-perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter 26: Magnetic nanomaterials-based biosorbents 26.1. Introduction 26.2. Fabrication of efficient magnetic nanomaterial biosorbents 26.3. Surface modification of the selective magnetic nanoparticles 26.4. Applications 26.4.1. Removal/mitigation of heavy metals 26.4.2. Removal/mitigation of organic compounds 26.5. Determined the cost of MB 26.6. Discard and exploitation of MBs from wastewater 26.7. Conclusion References Index Back Cover