Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa : Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia

The expansion of the Cholas from their base in the Kaveri Delta saw this growing power subdue the kingdoms of southern India, as well as occupy Sri Lanka and the Maldives, by the early eleventh century. It was also during this period that the Cholas initiated links with Song China. Concurrently, the Southeast Asian polity of Sriwijaya had, through its Sumatran and Malayan ports, come to occupy a key position in East-West maritime trade, requiring engagement with both Song China to the north and the Chola kingdom to its west. The apparently friendly relations pursued were, however, to be disrupted in 1025 by Chola naval expeditions against fourteen key port cities in Southeast Asia. This volume examines the background, course and effects of these expeditions, as well as the regional context of the events. It brings to light many aspects of this key period in Asian history. Unprecedented in the degree of detail assigned to the story of the Chola expeditions, this volume is also unique in that it includes translations of the contemporary Tamil and Sanskrit inscriptions relating to Southeast Asia and of the Song dynasty Chinese texts relating to the Chola Kingdom. Foreword / by Shashi Tharoor -- Message / by M.V. Subbiah -- Preface / by K. Kesavapany -- Introduction / by Hermann Kulke -- The contributors -- The naval expeditions of the Cholas in the context of Asian history / Hermann Kulke -- Medieval commercial activities in the Indian Ocean as revealed from Chinese ceramic-sherds and South Indian and Sri Lankan inscriptions / Noboru Karashima -- The military campaigns of Rajendra Chola and the Chola-Srivijaya-China triangle / Tansen Sen -- Rajendra Chola I's naval expedition to Southeast Asia : a nautical perspective / Vijay Sakhuja and Sangeeta Sakhuja -- A note on the navy of the Chola state / Y. Subbarayalu -- Excavation at Gangaikondacholapuram, the imperial capital of Rajendra Chola, and its significance / S. Vasanthi -- New perspectives on Nagapattinam : the medieval port city in the context of political, religious, and commercial exchanges between South India, Southeast Asia and China / Gokul Seshadri -- South Indian merchant guilds in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia / Noboru Karashima -- Anjuvannam : a maritime trade guild of medieval times / Y. Subbarayalu -- Rajendra Chola's naval expedition and the Chola trade with Southeast and East Asia / A. Meenakshisundararajan -- Cultural implications of the Chola maritime fabric trade with Southeast Asia / Hema Devare -- Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia during the period of the Polonnaruva kingdom / Anura Manatunga -- India and Southeast Asia : South Indian cultural links with Indonesia / P. Shanmugam -- Rajendra Chola's invasion and the rise of Airlangga / Ninie Susanti -- Rethinking community : the Indic carvings of Quanzhou / Risha Lee -- Appendix I: Ancient and medieval Tamil and Sanskrit inscriptions relating to Southeast Asia and China / Noboru Karashima and Y. Subbarayalu -- Appendix II: Chinese texts describing or referring to the Chola kingdom as Zhu-nian / Noboru Karashima and Tansen Sen CONTENTS FOREWORD MESSAGE PREFACE INTRODUCTION THE CONTRIBUTORS 1 THE NAVAL EXPEDITIONS OF THE CHOLAS IN THE CONTEXT OF ASIAN HISTORY 2 MEDIEVAL COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN AS REVEALED FROM CHINESE CERAMIC-SHERDS AND SOUTH INDIAN AND SRI LANKAN INSCRIPTIONS 3 THE MILITARY CAMPAIGNS OF RAJENDRA CHOLA AND THE CHOLA-SRIVIJAYA-CHINA TRIANGLE 4 RAJENDRA CHOLA I’S NAVAL EXPEDITION TO SOUTHEAST ASIA: A Nautical Perspective 5 A NOTE ON THE NAVY OF THE CHOLA STATE 6 EXCAVATION AT GANGAIKONDACHOLAPURAM, THE IMPERIAL CAPITAL OF RAJENDRA CHOLA, AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE 7 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON NAGAPATTINAM: The Medieval Port City in the Context of Political, Religious, and Commercial Exchanges between South India, Southeast Asia, and China 8 SOUTH INDIAN MERCHANT GUILDS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 9 ANJUVANNAM: A Maritime Trade Guild of Medieval Times 10 RAJENDRA CHOLA’S NAVAL EXPEDITION AND THE CHOLA TRADE WITH SOUTHEAST AND EAST ASIA 11 CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHOLA MARITIME FABRIC TRADE WITH SOUTHEAST ASIA 12 SRI LANKA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA DURING THE PERIOD OF THE POLONNARUVA KINGDOM 13 INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA: South Indian Cultural Links with Indonesia 14 RAJENDRA CHOLA’S INVASION AND THE RISE OF AIRLANGGA 15 RETHINKING COMMUNITY: The Indic Carvings of Quanzhou APPENDIX I. Ancient and Medieval Tamil and Sanskrit Inscriptions Relating to Southeast Asia and China APPENDIX II Chinese Texts Describing or Referring to the Chola Kingdom as Zhu-nian INDEX

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The South Indian Chola kings had developed a maritime enterprise based on sea based commerce with trading contacts in Malaya, Sumatra and China. This had resulted in an ocean going fleet that was dispatched by the Chola King Rajendra Choladeva I against the Srivijaya Kingdom. This title includes the essays that reflect on the naval expedition. Chola dynasty, 850–1279—Congresses.India—Relations—Southeast Asia—Congresses.Southeast Asia—Relations—India—Congresses.Asia—Commerce—History—Congresses.Conference on Early Indian Influences in Southeast Asia : Reflections on Cross-Cultural Movements (2007 : Singapore)