Myers pyschology for AP 3rd Edition

Front Matter Cover Inside Front Cover Halftitle Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication About the Authors Content Advisory Board and Supplements Team In Appreciation Brief Contents Contents To the Student Looking for videos, animations, and other helpful digital resources? Tools for Learning . . . Getting the Most From This Book Features Each module concludes with a review. Each unit ends with a comprehensive AP®-style review. Enrichment Modules Unit I Psychology’s History and Approaches Module 1 Psychology and Its History Psychology Is a Science Thinking Critically About: The Scientific Attitude Critical Thinking Prescientific Psychology Psychological Science Is Born Psychological Science Matures Module 1 Review Module 2 Today’s Psychology and Its Approaches Contemporary Psychology The Biopsychosocial Approach and Psychology’s Theoretical Perspectives Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person—and a Better Student Module 2 Review Module 3 Subfields in Psychology Basic and Applied Psychology Psychology’s Main Subfields Module 3 Review Unit I Review Unit II Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Module 4 The Need for Psychological Science Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight Bias Overconfidence Perceiving Order in Random Events Module 4 Review Module 5 The Scientific Method and Description The Scientific Method Description Module 5 Review Module 6 Correlation and Experimentation Correlation Thinking Critically About: Correlation and Causation Experimentation Module 6 Review Module 7 Research Design and Ethics in Psychology Research Design Understanding Everyday Behavior Psychology’s Research Ethics Module 7 Review Module 8 Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life The Need for Statistics Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Module 8 Review Unit II Review Unit III Biological Bases of Behavior Module 9 Biological Psychology and Neurotransmission Biology, Behavior, and Mind Neural Communication Module 9 Review Module 10 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems The Nervous System The Endocrine System Module 10 Review Module 11 Studying the Brain, Older Brain Structures, and the Limbic System The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined Older Brain Structures The Limbic System Module 11 Review Module 12 The Cerebral Cortex Structure of the Cortex Functions of the Cortex Thinking Critically About: Using More Than 10 Percent of Our Brain The Power of Plasticity Module 12 Review Module 13 Brain Hemisphere Organization and the Biology of Consciousness The Divided Brain The Biology of Consciousness Module 13 Review Module 14 Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences Genes: Our Codes for Life Twin and Adoption Studies Heritability Gene-Environment Interaction Module 14 Review Module 15 Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature Natural Selection and Adaptation Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality Reflections on Nature, Nurture, and Their Interaction Module 15 Review Unit III Review Unit IV Sensation and Perception Module 16 Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception Processing Sensation and Perception Selective Attention Transduction Thresholds Thinking Critically About: Subliminal Sensation and Subliminal Persuasion Sensory Adaptation Module 16 Review Module 17 Influences on Perception Perceptual Set ESP—Perception Without Sensation? Module 17 Review Module 18 Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing Light Energy and Eye Structures Information Processing in the Eye and Brain Module 18 Review Module 19 Visual Organization and Interpretation Perceptual Organization Perceptual Interpretation Module 19 Review Module 20 Hearing The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves The Ear Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location Module 20 Review Module 21 The Other Senses Touch Pain Taste Smell Body Position and Movement Sensory Interaction Module 21 Review Unit IV Review Unit V States of Consciousness Module 22 Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis Defining Consciousness Hypnosis Module 22 Review Module 23 Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories Biological Rhythms and Sleep Why Do We Sleep? Module 23 Review Module 24 Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Dreams Module 24 Review Module 25 Psychoactive Drugs Tolerance and Addiction in Substance Use Disorders Thinking Critically About: Tolerance and Addiction Types of Psychoactive Drugs Module 25 Review Unit V Review Unit VI Learning Module 26 How We Learn and Classical Conditioning How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning Module 26 Review Module 27 Operant Conditioning Skinner’s Experiments Skinner’s Legacy Module 27 Review Module 28 Operant Conditioning’s Applications, and Comparison to Classical Conditioning Applications of Operant Conditioning Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning Module 28 Review Module 29 Biology, Cognition, and Learning Biological Constraints on Conditioning Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Learning and Personal Control Module 29 Review Module 30 Observational Learning Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Applications of Observational Learning Thinking Critically About: The Effects of Viewing Media Violence Module 30 Review Unit VI Review Unit VII Cognition Module 31 Studying and Encoding Memories Studying Memory Encoding Memories Module 31 Review Module 32 Storing and Retrieving Memories Memory Storage Memory Retrieval Module 32 Review Module 33 Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory Forgetting Memory Construction Errors Thinking Critically About: Can Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Then Recovered? Improving Memory Module 33 Review Module 34 Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity Concepts Thinking Creatively Module 34 Review Module 35 Solving Problems and Making Decisions Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles Forming Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments Thinking Critically About: The Fear Factor Module 35 Review Module 36 Thinking and Language Language Structure Language Acquisition and Development The Brain and Language Language and Thought Module 36 Review Unit VII Review Unit VIII Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Module 37 Motivational Concepts Instinct Theory Drives and Incentives Arousal Theory A Hierarchy of Needs Module 37 Review Module 38 Hunger Motivation The Physiology of Hunger The Psychology of Hunger Thinking Critically About: The Challenges of Obesity and Weight Control Module 38 Review Module 39 Sexual Motivation The Physiology of Sex The Psychology of Sex Module 39 Review Module 40 Affiliation and Achievement The Need to Belong Achievement Motivation Module 40 Review Module 41 Theories and Physiology of Emotion Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition Embodied Emotion Thinking Critically About: Lie Detection Module 41 Review Module 42 Expressing Emotion Detecting Emotion in Others Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Culture and Emotional Expression The Effects of Facial Expressions Module 42 Review Module 43 Stress and Illness Stress: Some Basic Concepts Thinking Critically About: Stress and Health Module 43 Review Module 44 Health and Happiness Promoting Health Reducing Stress Happiness Module 44 Review Unit VIII Review Unit IX Developmental Psychology Module 45 Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues Prenatal Development and the Newborn Module 45 Review Module 46 Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development Brain Development Motor Development Brain Maturation and Infant Memory Module 46 Review Module 47 Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking An Alternative Viewpoint: Lev Vygotsky and the Social Child Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory Autism Spectrum Disorder Module 47 Review Module 48 Infancy and Childhood: Social Development Origins of Attachment Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting Deprivation of Attachment Developing a Self-Concept Parenting Styles Culture and Child Raising Thinking Critically About: Parenting Styles—Too Hard, Too Soft, Too Uncaring, and Just Right? Module 48 Review Module 49 Gender Development Similarities and Differences Thinking Critically About: Gender Bias in the Workplace The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture and Experiences Module 49 Review Module 50 Parents, Peers, and Early Experiences Experience and Brain Development How Much Credit or Blame Do Parents Deserve? Peer Influence Module 50 Review Module 51 Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development Physical Development Cognitive Development Module 51 Review Module 52 Adolescence: Social Development and Emerging Adulthood Forming an Identity Parent and Peer Relationships Emerging Adulthood Module 52 Review Module 53 Sexual Development The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex Sexually Transmitted Infections Sexual Risk Taking and Teen Pregnancy Sexual Orientation Module 53 Review Module 54 Adulthood: Physical, Cognitive, and Social Development Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Module 54 Review Unit IX Review Unit X Personality Module 55 Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Theories What Is Personality? Psychodynamic Theories Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective and Modern Views of the Unconscious Module 55 Review Module 56 Humanistic Theories Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective Assessing the Self Evaluating Humanistic Theories Module 56 Review Module 57 Trait Theories Exploring Traits Thinking Critically About: The Stigma of Introversion Assessing Traits The Big Five Factors Evaluating Trait Theories Module 57 Review Module 58 Social-Cognitive Theories Reciprocal Influences Assessing Behavior in Situations Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories Module 58 Review Module 59 Exploring the Self The Benefits of Self-Esteem The Costs of Self-Esteem Culture and the Self Module 59 Review Unit X Review Unit XI Testing and Individual Differences Module 60 Introduction to Intelligence Is Intelligence One General Ability? Theories of Multiple Intelligences Emotional Intelligence Module 60 Review Module 61 Assessing Intelligence Early and Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Principles of Test Construction Module 61 Review Module 62 The Dynamics of Intelligence Stability or Change? Thinking Critically About: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies Extremes of Intelligence Module 62 Review Module 63 Studying Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence Twin and Adoption Studies Environmental Influences Module 63 Review Module 64 Group Differences and the Question of Bias Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores The Question of Bias Module 64 Review Unit XI Review Unit XII Abnormal Behavior Module 65 Introduction to Psychological Disorders Defining Psychological Disorders Understanding Psychological Disorders Classifying Disorders—and Labeling People Thinking Critically About: ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior? Does Disorder Equal Danger? Rates of Psychological Disorders Module 65 Review Module 66 Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD Module 66 Review Module 67 Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Suicide, and Self-Injury Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder Suicide and Self-Injury Module 67 Review Module 68 Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia Onset and Development of Schizophrenia Understanding Schizophrenia Module 68 Review Module 69 Other Disorders Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Dissociative Disorders Personality Disorders Eating Disorders Module 69 Review Unit XII Review Unit XIII Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Module 70 Introduction to Therapy, and Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies Treating Psychological Disorders Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies Humanistic Therapies Module 70 Review Module 71 Behavior, Cognitive, and Group Therapies Behavior Therapies Cognitive Therapies Group and Family Therapies Module 71 Review Module 72 Evaluating Psychotherapies Is Psychotherapy Effective? Which Psychotherapies Work Best? Evaluating Alternative Therapies How Do Psychotherapies Help People? Culture and Values in Psychotherapy Finding a Mental Health Professional Module 72 Review Module 73 The Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders The Biomedical Therapies Thinking Critically About: Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience Module 73 Review Unit XIII Review Unit XIV Social Psychology Module 74 Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions The Fundamental Attribution Error Attitudes and Actions Module 74 Review Module 75 Conformity and Obedience Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures Obedience: Following Orders Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies Module 75 Review Module 76 Group Behavior Social Facilitation Social Loafing Deindividuation Group Polarization Thinking Critically About: The Internet as Social Amplifier Groupthink Cultural Influences Module 76 Review Module 77 Prejudice and Discrimination Explicit and Implicit Prejudice Targets of Prejudice Roots of Prejudice Module 77 Review Module 78 Aggression The Biology of Aggression Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression Module 78 Review Module 79 Attraction The Psychology of Attraction Romantic Love Module 79 Review Module 80 Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking Altruism Conflict and Peacemaking Module 80 Review Unit XIV Review Enrichment Modules Module 81 Influences on Drug Use Biological Influences Psychological and Social-Cultural Influences Module 81 Review Module 82 Psychology at Work Flow Industrial-Organizational Psychology Personnel Psychology Organizational Psychology Human Factors Psychology Module 82 Review Module 83 Animal Thinking and Language Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills? Do Other Species Have Language? Module 83 Review Enrichment Modules Review Back Matter Appendix A Practice AP®-Style Exam Appendix B AP® Exam Tips Appendix C Psychological Science’s Key Contributors Appendix D Preparing for Further Psychology Studies Appendix E Answers to Test Yourself Questions Glossary/Glosario References Name Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Subject Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Footnotes Inside Back Cover Backcover