My Psalm Has Turned Into Weeping: Job's Dialogue with the Psalms (Beihefte Zur Zeitschrift Für Die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft)

Drawing inspiration from the widely recognized parody of Ps 8:5 in Job 7:17-18, this study inquires whether other allusions to the Psalms might likewise contribute to the dialogue between Job, his friends, and God. An intertextual analysis reveals six psalms (1, 8, 39, 73, 107, 139) that serve as subtexts in the Job dialogue. The dialogue thus created between Job and these psalms indicates the concern the book has with the proper response to suffering and the role the interpretation of authoritative texts may play in that reaction. Will Kynes, University of Oxford, UK Acknowledgements 5 Abbreviations 11 1. Hearing History: Connections between Job and the Psalms in the History of Interpretation 15 1.1. Introduction 15 1.2. Early Critical Interpretation 17 1.3. Form Criticism 24 1.4. Intertextuality 27 1.4.1. Job and the Hebrew Bible 28 1.4.2. Job and the Psalms 29 1.5. Conclusion 30 2. Between Times, Between Texts: Intertextualities in Dialogue 31 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. The False Dichotomy 35 2.3. Between Diachronic and Synchronic 38 2.4. Intertextuality and the Hebrew Bible 41 2.5. Intertextualities in Dialogue: Prolegomena 43 2.5.1. Terminology 44 2.5.2. The Text 47 2.5.3. The Intertext 48 2.6. Intertextualities in Dialogue: Eight Steps 51 2.6.1. Identification 51 2.6.2. Date 63 2.6.3. Coherence 66 2.6.4. Use 68 2.6.5. Recurrence 69 2.6.6. Holistic Interpretation 69 2.6.7. Reciprocation 72 2.6.8. Historical Implications 72 2.7. Conclusion 73 PART I: PRAISE 75 3. Hubris and Humility: Psalm 8 in Job 77 3.1. Identification 77 3.2. Date 81 3.3. Coherence 83 3.4. Use 83 3.5. Recurrence 85 3.5.1. Eliphaz: 15:14-16 85 3.5.2. Job: 19:9 87 3.5.3. Bildad: 25:5-6 88 3.6. Holistic Interpretation 89 3.7. Reciprocation 90 3.8. Historical Implications 91 3.9. Conclusion 92 4. Doxology in Disputation: Psalm 107 in Job 94 4.1. Identification 94 4.2. Date 96 4.3. Coherence 97 4.4. Use 100 4.5. Recurrence 101 4.5.1. Eliphaz: Ch. 5 101 4.5.2. Job: 12:13-13:2 103 4.5.3. Eliphaz: 15:24 105 4.5.4. Job: 21:11 106 4.5.5. Eliphaz: 22:19 107 4.6. Holistic Interpretation 107 4.7. Reciprocation 108 4.8. Historical Implications 109 4.9. Conclusion 110 4.9.1. Psalms of Praise in Job 111 PART II: SUPPLICATION 113 5. Ominous Omniscience?: Psalm 139 in Job 115 5.1. Identification 116 5.2. Date 118 5.3. Coherence 119 5.4. Use 121 5.5. Recurrence 122 5.5.1. Job: Ch. 10 122 5.5.2. Zophar: 11:7-9 126 5.5.3. Job: 23:8-10 129 5.6. Holistic Interpretation 131 5.7. Reciprocation 133 5.8. Historical Implications 135 5.9. Conclusion 135 6. Harassed Hope: Psalm 39 in Job 136 6.1. Identification 137 6.2. Date 139 6.3. Coherence 140 6.4. Use 144 6.5. Recurrence 144 6.5.1. Job: 6:8-11 144 6.5.2. Job: Ch. 7 146 6.5.3. Job: 13:28-14:6 149 6.6. Holistic Interpretation 150 6.7. Reciprocation 153 6.8. Historical Implications 154 6.9. Conclusion 154 6.9.1. Psalms of Supplication in Job 155 PART III: INSTRUCTION 157 7. From Didactic to Dialogic: Psalm 1 in Job 159 7.1. Identification 159 7.2. Date 162 7.3. Coherence 163 7.4. Use 163 7.5. Recurrence 165 7.5.1. Eliphaz: 5:13-14 165 7.5.2. Job: 10:3 166 7.5.3. Job: 13:25 167 7.5.4. Eliphaz: 22:18 169 7.5.5. Job: 23:10-11 169 7.6. Holistic Interpretation 171 7.7. Reciprocation 172 7.8. Historical Implications 173 7.9. Conclusion 174 8. Re-interpreting Retribution: Psalm 73 in Job 175 8.1. Identification 176 8.2. Date 178 8.3. Coherence 178 8.4. Use 179 8.5. Recurrence 180 8.5.1. Job: 7:18 180 8.5.2. Job: 9:29-31 181 8.5.3. The Friends: 15:27; 18:3, 11, 14; 20:8 182 8.5.4. Job: 19:25-27 184 8.5.5. Job: 21:13-14 185 8.5.6. Job: 23:11 187 8.6. Holistic Interpretation 188 8.7. Reciprocation 189 8.8. Historical Implications 191 8.9. Conclusion 192 8.9.1. Psalms of Instruction in Job 193 9. Conclusion 194 9.1. The Psalms in the Dialogue 194 9.2. The Interpretive Conflict 197 9.2.1. Job: Piety through Parody 197 9.2.2. The Friends: Pious Proof-texting 199 9.3. The Interpretation of the Psalms in Job 201 9.4. Historical Implications 202 9.5. Broader Relevance and Further Research 202 Bibliography 205 Index of Ancient Sources 227 Index of Subjects 236 Index of Authors 240

Drawing inspiration from the widely recognized parody of Ps 8:5 in Job 7:17–18, this study inquires whether other allusions to the Psalms might likewise contribute to the dialogue between Job, his friends, and God. An intertextual method that incorporates both “diachronic” and “synchronic” concerns is applied to the sections of Job and the Psalms in which the intertextual connections are the most pronounced, the Job dialogue and six psalms that fall into three broad categories: praise (8, 107), supplication (39, 139), and instruction (1, 73). In each case, Job’s dependence on the Psalms is determined to be the more likely explanation of the parallel, and, in most, allusions to the same psalm appear in the speeches of both Job and the friends. The contrasting uses to which they put these psalms reflect conflicting interpretive approaches and uncover latent tensions within them by capitalizing on their ambiguities. They also provide historical insight into the Psalms’ authority and developing views of retribution. The dialogue created between Job and these psalms indicates the concern the book has with the proper response to suffering and the role the interpretation of authoritative texts may play in that reaction.

In der Reihe Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (BZAW) erscheinen Arbeiten zu smtlichen Gebieten der alttestamentlichen Wissenschaft. Im Zentrum steht die Hebrische Bibel, ihr Vor- und Nachleben im antiken Judentum sowie ihre vielfache Verzweigung in die benachbarten Kulturen der altorientalischen und hellenistisch-rmischen Welt.Die BZAW akzeptiert Manuskriptvorschlge, die einen innovativen und signifikanten Beitrag zu Erforschung des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt leisten, sich intensiv mit der bestehenden Forschungsliteratur auseinandersetzen, stringent aufgebaut und flssig geschrieben sind.