Mussels: Anatomy, Habitat and Environmental Impact (Fish, Fishing and Fisheries)

The common name mussel is used for members of several families of clams or bivalvia mollusca, from saltwater and freshwater habitats. These groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams, which are often more or less rounded or oval. This book presents current research in the study of mussels and their anatomy, habitat and their environmental impact. Some of the topics discussed herein include the use of mussels as a reliable tool for monitoring marine pollution; mussel glue and its use in biotechnology; environmental impact to mussels'metabolism; the competition for space and food among Blue Mussels; the life cycle assessment of mussel culture; Unionidae freshwater mussel anatomy; and the cytogenics of Mytilus mussels. COPYRIGHT PAGE ......Page 5 CONTENTS......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 10 ABSTRACT......Page 24 INTRODUCTION......Page 25 Sample Collection......Page 27 Fatty acid Analysis and Quantification......Page 28 Physico-Chemical Parameters of Waters in Victoria Harbour and Reference Sites......Page 29 Fatty Acid Profiles of Total Particulate Matters in Waters from Victoria Harbour and Reference Sites......Page 32 Inter-Site Difference and Seasonal Changes in Fatty Acid Profiles of Total Particulate Matters in Waters from Victoria Harbour and Reference Sites......Page 40 Inter-Site Difference and Seasonal Changes in Fatty Acid Profiles in Gonad of Green Mussels from Victoria Harbour and Reference Sites......Page 41 Fatty Acid Profiles in Soma of Green Mussels from Victoria Harbour and Reference Sites......Page 54 Inter-Site Difference and Seasonal Changes in the Fatty Acid Profilesin Soma of Green Mussels from Victoria Harbour and Reference Sites......Page 55 Correlations between Fatty Acids Profiles of Total Particulate Matters in Waters and Fatty Acid Profiles of Mussels and Physico-chemical Parameters of Waters......Page 56 Inter-Site Differences of Fatty Acid Profiles of Total Particulate Matters, Gonad and Soma......Page 58 Seasonal Change in Fatty Acid Profiles of Total Particulate Matters, Gonad and Soma......Page 59 Correlations between Fatty Acids Profiles of Total Particulate Mattersin Waters and Fatty Acid Profiles of Mussels and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Waters......Page 60 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 61 REFERENCES......Page 62 ABSTRACT......Page 66 1. MUSSELS: GENERAL ANATOMY, HABITAT AND PHYSIOLOGY......Page 67 1.1. Environmental Factors and Their Role in Mussels‟ Physiology and Behavior......Page 71 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES: THE USE OF MUSSELS AS A RELIABLE TOOL FOR MONITORING MARINE POLLUTION......Page 72 2.1. Mussels and Environmental Impacts......Page 73 2.3. Biomarkers and Mussels......Page 74 2.3.1. Lysosomes in Bivalves and Lysosomal Membrane Stability......Page 76 2.3.3. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Mussels......Page 79 2.3.5. Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Tissues of Mussels......Page 80 2.3.6. Metallothionein Content in Tissues of Mussels......Page 81 2.3.7. Micronucleus Frequency in Tissues of Mussels......Page 82 2.3.8. DNA Damage in Tissues of Mussels......Page 83 REFERENCES......Page 84 INTRODUCTION......Page 96 THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE GALICIAN ESTUARIES......Page 98 THE HISTORY OF THE MUSSEL SECTOR IN GALICIA......Page 102 THE INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE GALICIAN FLOATING RAFT CULTURE......Page 104 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MUSSEL SECTOR IN GALICIA......Page 107 THE MUSSEL SECTOR IN GALICIA: AN ECONOMIC APPROACH......Page 111 THE GOVERNANCE: THE FAILURE OF “SOMEGA” CO-MANAGEMENT, THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SECTOR AND THE RECENT EXPERIENCE OF “PLADIMEGA”......Page 113 CONCLUSION......Page 116 REFERENCES......Page 117 ABSTRACT......Page 120 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 121 2. THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS ON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN M. GALLOPROVINCIALIS......Page 122 2.1. Chemical Characterization of the Mussel Sampling Sitesand Bioaccumulation of Metals in Digestive Gland Cells......Page 123 2.2. Standard-Biomarker Determinations......Page 124 2.3. Downregulation of Global Protein Synthesis by Pollutants......Page 127 3.1. Structure and Function of the Ribosomal Stalk in Eukaryotic Ribosomes......Page 130 3.2. The Ribosomal Stalk of M. galloprovincialis is Conserved......Page 131 3.3. The Impact of Stress on the Expression of M. galloprovincialis MgP0 Protein......Page 134 4.1. Structure, Function and Regulation of CK2......Page 135 CONCLUSION......Page 140 REFERENCES......Page 142 ABSTRACT......Page 152 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 153 2. INTEREST OF MAP KINASE SIGNALING PATHWAY AS BIOMARKER OF POLLUTION......Page 154 3.2. ERK......Page 155 4.1. Effect of H2O2 Exposure......Page 156 4.2. Effect of Tributyltin Exposure......Page 158 4.3. Effect of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Exposure byDiesel Oil......Page 159 5. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON MAPKINASE ACTIVATION......Page 160 CONCLUSION – LIMITS - PERSPECTIVES......Page 162 REFERENCES......Page 163 ABSTRACT......Page 168 2.1. Byssal Collagens......Page 169 2.2. Byssal Proteins......Page 170 2.3. Byssal Enzyme......Page 172 3.1. Formation of Metal Complexes and Metal Interactions......Page 175 3.2.1. Formation of Biarylic Cross-Linked Products......Page 178 3.2.2. Formation of Amine Cross-Linked Products......Page 179 3.2.3. Formation of Thiol Cross-Linked Products......Page 181 4.1. Synthetic MAPs and Their Application Possibilities......Page 182 4.2.1. Tyrosinase......Page 183 4.2.2. Laccase......Page 184 REFERENCES......Page 186 INTRODUCTION......Page 196 1. ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES......Page 197 2. LIPID PEROXIDATION......Page 199 3. DNA DAMAGE......Page 200 4. METALLOTHIONEINS......Page 202 5. CYTOCHROME P450......Page 203 6. MULTIXENOBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROTEINS......Page 205 7. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS......Page 206 CONCLUSION......Page 208 REFERENCES......Page 209 ABSTRACT......Page 220 REGULATIONS BEHIND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES WITH MUSSELS......Page 221 PRIORITY POLLUTANTS (PP) AND PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POP)......Page 222 CHEMICALS ANALYZED IN MUSSELS......Page 223 EMERGING CONTAMINANTS (EC)......Page 224 UPTAKE MECHANISM......Page 225 STEADY STATE, ACCUMULATION AND DEPURATION......Page 226 MODELING TO UNTANGLE COMPLEXITY......Page 228 TOXICITY EXPRESSED AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ORGANISATION......Page 229 LINK BETWEEN BIOMARKERS......Page 230 EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH CHEMICAL STRESSORS......Page 231 MOVING FORWARD–TOWARDS INTEGRATION AND UNDERSTANDING CUMULATIVE EFFECTS......Page 232 CONCLUSIONS......Page 234 REFERENCES......Page 235 ABSTRACT......Page 244 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION......Page 245 POPULATIONS GENETICS OF PERNA VIRIDIS IN MALAYSIA......Page 250 EVIDENCE SHOWING GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS FOR GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION......Page 251 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION AND GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN PERNA VIRIDIS......Page 255 SUBSTANTIAL LITERATURE TO SUPPORT ECOTOXICOLOGICAL GENETIC STUDIES IN MALAYSIA......Page 259 REFERENCES......Page 261 INTRODUCTION......Page 268 TEMPERATURE......Page 270 FOOD AVAILABILITY......Page 272 SALINITY......Page 273 OXIDATIVE STRESS......Page 274 POLLUTION......Page 275 REFERENCES......Page 277 ABSTRACT......Page 286 INTRODUCTION......Page 287 2.2. Sampling Location......Page 289 2.4. Chemical Contaminant Determination......Page 290 2.6. Biomarker Analysis......Page 291 3.1. Mussel Organic Compound Concentrations......Page 292 3.3. Isotopic Composition and Antioxidant Defence System......Page 295 3.4.1. Correlations with the Biomarkers......Page 296 3.4.2. Correlations with Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotopes......Page 297 DISCUSSION......Page 299 REFERENCES......Page 302 ABSTRACT......Page 308 INTRODUCTION......Page 309 MUSSELS AS BIO-MONITORING MARINE ORGANISMS......Page 310 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS......Page 313 ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES......Page 315 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS......Page 316 LEVELS OF CONTAMINANTS IN MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS CAUGHT IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF MEDITERRANEAN SEA......Page 317 REFERENCES......Page 321 INTRODUCTION......Page 326 2.2. Method......Page 328 2.2.1. Water Quality......Page 329 2.2.2. Food-Consumption and Oxygen-Consumption Rates of Blue Mussels......Page 330 2.2.3. Multi-Layer Structure of Blue Mussels......Page 331 2.3.1. Water Quality......Page 333 2.3.2. Growth, Food-Consumption, and Oxygen-Consumption Rates......Page 335 2.3.3. Multi-Layer Structure of the Mussel Bed......Page 337 3.1. Biomass-Based Model......Page 339 3.2. Individual-Based Model......Page 342 3.2.1. Physiological Growth Submodel......Page 343 3.2.2. Competition Submodel......Page 345 3.3.1. Comparison of the Biomass-Based and Individual-Based Models......Page 349 3.3.2. Application of the Individual-Based Model to the Mussels on a Cylindrical Substratum......Page 353 REFERENCES......Page 355 ABSTRACT......Page 360 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 361 2.2. Aqueous Extraction......Page 362 2.4. Enzymatic Hydrolysis......Page 363 3.1. Microencapsulation by Spray Drying......Page 368 4. SHELF LIFE OF MUSSEL PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE POWDER......Page 370 REFERENCES......Page 376 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 380 2.1. System Boundaries......Page 383 2.3. Data Acquisition......Page 385 2.4. Inventory Data......Page 386 3. RESULTS......Page 391 4.1. Improvements Potentials......Page 393 4.2. Energy Demand for Capital Goods......Page 394 4.4. Eutrophication Potential......Page 395 4.5. Mussel Capture......Page 396 REFERENCES......Page 397 MUSSELS AS A TOOL IN METAL POLLUTION BIOMONITORING – CURRENT STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 402 MUSSELS OF THE FAMILY MYTILIDAE AS BIOINDICATORS OF MARINE POLLUTION......Page 403 ACCUMULATION OF TRACE METALS IN MUSSELS......Page 405 Abiotic Factors......Page 406 Biotic Factors......Page 407 MONITORING IN SITU IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT......Page 408 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 409 REFERENCES......Page 412 INTRODUCTION......Page 418 SOURCES OF SHELLS......Page 419 INTERNAL SHELL GROWTH INCREMENTS......Page 420 LONGTIME TREND IN THE WIDTH SERIES......Page 422 SCLEROCHRONOLOGICAL CROSSDATING......Page 424 SUMMARY CHRONOLOGY CALCULATION......Page 426 SCLEROCLIMATOLOGY......Page 428 CONCLUSION......Page 429 REFERENCES......Page 430 INTRODUCTION......Page 436 DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH POISONING TOXINS......Page 437 PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING TOXINS......Page 442 OTHER OBSERVATIONS IN MUSSELS......Page 444 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 446 REFERENCES......Page 447 INTRODUCTION......Page 452 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN FRESHWATER MUSSEL......Page 453 IMMUNITY OF MUSSEL AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS......Page 454 IMMONOTOXIC CHEMICALS OF THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT......Page 456 MAJOR IMMUNOTOXICOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTE OF MUSSEL......Page 457 NONSELF SURFACE ADHESION AND PHAGOCYTOSIS......Page 459 LYSOSOMAL STABILITY......Page 461 REFERENCES......Page 462 ABSTRACT......Page 464 INTRODUCTION......Page 465 Cell Viability and Enumeration......Page 466 Cell Aggregation under Azadirachtin Exposure......Page 467 Cell Aggregation in Presence of EDTA and Mannose......Page 470 DISCUSSSION......Page 472 REFERENCES......Page 473 ABSTRACT......Page 476 INTRODUCTION......Page 477 MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 478 RESULTS......Page 483 DISCUSSION......Page 486 REFERENCES......Page 488 ABSTRACT......Page 492 1. THE GENERAL MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF UNIONIDAE......Page 493 Biology......Page 494 Conservation and Management......Page 495 Anatomy of Subfamily Unioninae......Page 496 REFERENCES......Page 503 THE CYTOGENETICS OF MYTILUS MUSSELS......Page 508 REFERENCES......Page 514 ABSTRACT......Page 518 REFERENCES......Page 522 ABSTRACT......Page 526 EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY......Page 527 Durophagous Predation......Page 528 Drilling Predation......Page 529 Starfish Attacks......Page 530 MULTIPLE PREDATOR EFFECT (MPE)......Page 531 Shell Structure......Page 532 Intraspecific......Page 533 Interspecific......Page 534 PARASITISM......Page 535 DISCUSSION......Page 536 REFERENCES......Page 537 INDEX......Page 544