Muslims in the Diaspora : The Somali Communities of London and Toronto

Explores the balancing act of living as a Muslim in the west. It is a comparison of the Somali communities in London, England and Toronto, and is based on a series of in-depth interviews with over 80 Somali women, men and teenagers in those cities.

Rima Berns McGown, in interviews with over 80 Somali men, women, and children, found that Somali refugees in the West have had to renegotiate their understanding of themselves as Muslims in the highly secular, Judeo-Christian-based liberal democracies in which they newly reside, a process compounded by the harsh realities of refugee life. They must confront the challenges of practising Islam in a non-Muslim country, and transferring values to their children amid a profusion of competing belief systems.

Somalis have responded to the challenges of culture clash, not by assimilating, but by weaving elements of their birth and adopted cultures together. They become Western - not Westernized - Muslims as they confront and redefine their practice of Islam and their own interpretations of what it is to be a good Muslim. Some of them attempt to create relative isolation within mainstream society. For most, the process involves a gradual accommodation of traditional customs to those of the new society, without losing what they consider to be essential to themselves as Muslims. Moreover, they have generally combined accommodation to the West with a stronger identification with Islam and a Muslim identity.

Berns McGown contends that harmonious integration is facilitated by a political culture that creates a legitimate space for immigrants and minorities, as is revealed by a comparison of the Somali communities of London and Toronto. The flexibility and diversity of views demonstrated by Somali Muslim immigrants indicate that they will integrate successfully over time into Western political systems and societies, and that this process will be encouraged if they are not artificially marginalized and alienated.

Contents 7 Preface 9 Glossary 13 Introduction: Challenges in the Diaspora 15 1 Context 27 2 Cultural Integration 57 3 Islam in London and Toronto 83 4 Transfer of Values 115 5 Bridging Two Worlds: Weaving Two Cultures 150 6 London and Toronto 174 7 Integration 211 Conclusion: Transformative Islam 242 Notes 253 References 287 Index 309