Multiple Globalizations: Linguistic Landscapes in World-Cities: Linguistic Landscapes in World-Cities

Eliezer and Miriam Ben-Rafael investigate world-cities' linguistic landscapes about the intermingling influences of globalization, the national principle and multiculturalism through conjunctions of their respective codes - lingua francas, national languages and ethnic vernaculars. These analyses lead to the elaboration of a paradigm of multiple globalizations. This work studies aspects of the symbolic construction of public spaces by means of linguistic resources (i.e. linguistic landscapes or LLs) in a number of world-cities. The sociology of language leads us to this field and to study the intermingling impacts of globalization, the national principle and multiculturalism – each one conveying its own distinct linguistic markers: international codes, national languages and ethnic vernaculars. Eliezer and Miriam Ben-Rafael study the configurations of these influences, which they conceptualize as multiple globalization, in the LLs of downtowns, residential quarters, and marginal neighborhoods of a number of world-cities. They ask how far worldwide codes of communication gain preeminence, national languages are marginalized and ethnic vernaculars impactful. They conclude by suggesting a paradigm of multiple globalizations.