ارتباطات بی‌سیم میکروویو و میلیمتری چندگیگابیتی (کتابخانه ارتباطات موبایل آرتک هاوس)

Annotation For decades, microwave radios in the 6 to 50 GHz bands have been providing wireless communications. Recently, newer technologies at the 60 to 100 GHz mm-wave bands have taken advantage of new wireless regulations that are designed to enable ultra-high capacity communications. Exploring this exciting area in depth, this cutting-edge resource offers the latest details on multigigabit wireless communications. The book places emphasis on practical use and applications, but also provides a thorough explanation of important technological underpinnings to give readers a complete understanding of subject. Professionals find clear guidance on system design and link planning, helping them to determine performance levels given the physical limitations of operating in these frequency bands. Supported with over 50 illustrations, the book covers a wide range of critical topics, from the high frequency electromagnetic spectrum and high data rate mm-wave radios, to wireless link margins and path profiling-- Source other than the Library of Congress mobile communications series Multi-Gigabit Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communications 2 Contents 6 Preface 12 Acknowledgments 14 Chapter 1 The High Data Rate Wireless Environment 16 1.1 Introduction 16 1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 17 1.2.1 Management of the Radio Frequency Spectrum 19 1.2.2 Radio Frequency Plans 22 1.3 Spectrum for High Data Rate Wireless Transmission 22 1.4 High Data Rate Wireless Technologies 24 1.4.1 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Technologies 26 1.4.2 Free-Space Optics 27 1.4.3 WiFi, WiMAX, and LTE 29 1.5 Summary 30 References 31 Chapter 2 High-Frequency Wireless Propagation 32 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Electromagnetic Propagation 33 2.3 Free-Space Loss 35 2.4 Attenuation Due to Atmospheric Gases 38 2.4.1 Regional Variations 40 2.4.2 Altitude Variations 42 2.5 Attenuation Due to Rain 46 2.6 Attenuation Due to Other Airborne Particles 49 2.6.1 Fog and Clouds 49 2.6.2 Snow and Ice 52 2.6.3 Sand, Dust, and Other Small Particles 53 2.7 Attenuation Due to Blockage of the Transmission Path 53 2.7.1 Foliage Losses 53 2.7.2 Diffraction Losses and Fresnel Zones 53 2.8 Summary 54 References 55 Chapter 3 High Data Rate Wireless Systems 56 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 High Data Rate Wireless System Architectures 57 3.2.1 Indoor and Outdoor Architectures 57 3.2.2 Diplexing Architectures 60 3.3 High Data Rate Line Protocols 63 3.3.1 PDH 63 3.3.2 SDH/SONET 63 3.3.3 Ethernet 64 3.3.4 Other High Data Rate Line Protocols 66 3.4 High Data Rate Wireless Building Blocks 68 3.4.1 Power Supply 68 3.4.2 Data Interface/Multiplexer 69 3.4.3 Modulator 72 3.4.4 Demodulator 78 3.4.5 Transmitter 79 3.4.6 Receiver 82 3.4.7 Combiner 83 3.4.8 Antenna 84 3.5 Summary 88 Reference 89 Chapter 4 Multi-Gigabit Microwave Radios 90 4.1 Introduction 90 4.2 Characteristics of the Microwave Bands 91 4.2.1 Frequency Bands and Channel Sizes 91 4.2.2 Rules and Regulations 93 4.2.3 Licensing 96 4.2.4 System Characteristics 98 4.3 Market Applications 98 4.3.1 Mobile Backhaul 99 4.3.2 Enterprise Connectivity 100 4.4 Methods for Achieving Gigabit Per Second Data Rates 101 4.4.1 Single Channel Transmission 101 4.4.2 Adjacent Channel Transmission 106 4.4.3 Dual-Polarization Transmission 108 4.4.4 Dual Channel Dual Polarization 111 4.4.5 Data Compression 111 4.4.6 MIMO 114 4.5 The Future? 115 4.5.1 Higher-Order Modulations 115 4.5.2 Channel Bonding 115 4.5.3 Higher Frequency Bands 116 4.6 Summary 116 References 117 Chapter 5 Multi-Gigabit 60-GHz Millimeter-Wave Radios 118 5.1 Introduction 118 5.2 Characteristics of the 60-GHz Band 119 5.2.1 Frequency Bands and Channel Sizes 119 5.2.2 Rules and Regulations 121 5.2.3 Propagation Impediments 132 5.3 60-GHz Market Applications 133 5.3.1 Point-to-Point Outdoor Connections 133 5.3.2 WLAN Connections 133 5.4 60-GHz WLAN Standards 136 5.4.1 WirelessHD 137 5.4.2 IEEE 802.15.3c 139 5.4.3 ECMA-387/ISO/IEC 13156 141 5.4.4 IEEE 802.11ad 142 5.4.5 WiGig 144 5.4.6 Summary 145 5.5 Technology Choices for High Data Rate 60-GHz Devices 145 5.6 High Data Rate 60-GHz Systems 146 5.6.1 Outdoor Point to Point 146 5.6.2 WirelessHD 147 5.6.3 Wireless LAN/PAN 149 5.7 The Future? 154 5.7.1 Frequency, Channel, and Specification Harmonization 154 5.7.2 Consolidation of 60-GHz WLAN/WPAN Standards 155 5.8 Summary 155 References 156 Chapter 6 Multi-Gigabit 70/80-GHz and Higher Millimeter-Wave Radios 158 6.1 Introduction 158 6.2 Characteristics of the 70/80-GHz Bands 159 6.2.1 Frequency Bands and Channel Sizes 159 6.2.2 Rules and Regulations 162 6.2.3 Comparison of FCC and ETSI Rules 170 6.2.4 Licensing 172 6.2.5 System Characteristics 176 6.3 70/80-GHz Market Applications 176 6.3.1 Cellular and WiMAX Backhaul 176 6.3.2 Remote Radio Heads/Distributed Antenna Systems 178 6.3.3 Enterprise Connections 179 6.3.4 Fiber Extensions/Backup 179 6.3.5 Other Applications 180 6.4 High Data Rate 70/80-GHz Radio Equipment 181 6.4.1 Commercial Equipment 181 6.4.2 System Architectures and Performance Tradeoffs 181 6.5 90-GHz and Higher Bands 186 6.6 The Future? 187 6.6.1 Increased Performance and Link Distance 187 6.6.2 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps Systems 188 6.7 Summary 190 References 191 Chapter 7 High Data Rate Wireless Link Design 192 7.1 Introduction 192 7.2 Link Budget and Fade Margin 193 7.2.1 Example Link Budget 196 7.2.2 Fade Margin Versus Link Distance 197 7.3 Link Availability and Distance 202 7.3.1 Availability 202 7.3.2 Rain Statistics 202 7.3.3 Rain Attenuation 208 7.3.4 Rain Cells 209 7.3.5 Example High Capacity Link Availabilities and Distances 211 7.4 Improving High Capacity Link Availability and Distance 214 7.4.1 Automatic Transmit Power Control 214 7.4.2 Adaptive Coding and Modulation 215 7.4.3 Adaptive Rate 217 7.4.4 Ring and Mesh Topologies 217 7.5 Summary 218 References 219 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 220 About the Author 230 Index 232 978-1-60807-082-4,multi-gigabit microwave,millimeter-wave,wireless,mobile communications,Artech House Inc. Multi-Gigabit Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communications......Page 2 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 12 Acknowledgments......Page 14 1.1 Introduction......Page 16 1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 17 1.2.1 Management of the Radio Frequency Spectrum......Page 19 1.3 Spectrum for High Data Rate Wireless Transmission......Page 22 1.4 High Data Rate Wireless Technologies......Page 24 1.4.1 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Technologies......Page 26 1.4.2 Free-Space Optics......Page 27 1.4.3 WiFi, WiMAX, and LTE......Page 29 1.5 Summary......Page 30 References......Page 31 2.1 Introduction......Page 32 2.2 Electromagnetic Propagation......Page 33 2.3 Free-Space Loss......Page 35 2.4 Attenuation Due to Atmospheric Gases......Page 38 2.4.1 Regional Variations......Page 40 2.4.2 Altitude Variations......Page 42 2.5 Attenuation Due to Rain......Page 46 2.6.1 Fog and Clouds......Page 49 2.6.2 Snow and Ice......Page 52 2.7.2 Diffraction Losses and Fresnel Zones......Page 53 2.8 Summary......Page 54 References......Page 55 3.1 Introduction......Page 56 3.2.1 Indoor and Outdoor Architectures......Page 57 3.2.2 Diplexing Architectures......Page 60 3.3.2 SDH/SONET......Page 63 3.3.3 Ethernet......Page 64 3.3.4 Other High Data Rate Line Protocols......Page 66 3.4.1 Power Supply......Page 68 3.4.2 Data Interface/Multiplexer......Page 69 3.4.3 Modulator......Page 72 3.4.4 Demodulator......Page 78 3.4.5 Transmitter......Page 79 3.4.6 Receiver......Page 82 3.4.7 Combiner......Page 83 3.4.8 Antenna......Page 84 3.5 Summary......Page 88 Reference......Page 89 4.1 Introduction......Page 90 4.2.1 Frequency Bands and Channel Sizes......Page 91 4.2.2 Rules and Regulations......Page 93 4.2.3 Licensing......Page 96 4.3 Market Applications......Page 98 4.3.1 Mobile Backhaul......Page 99 4.3.2 Enterprise Connectivity......Page 100 4.4.1 Single Channel Transmission......Page 101 4.4.2 Adjacent Channel Transmission......Page 106 4.4.3 Dual-Polarization Transmission......Page 108 4.4.5 Data Compression......Page 111 4.4.6 MIMO......Page 114 4.5.2 Channel Bonding......Page 115 4.6 Summary......Page 116 References......Page 117 5.1 Introduction......Page 118 5.2.1 Frequency Bands and Channel Sizes......Page 119 5.2.2 Rules and Regulations......Page 121 5.2.3 Propagation Impediments......Page 132 5.3.2 WLAN Connections......Page 133 5.4 60-GHz WLAN Standards......Page 136 5.4.1 WirelessHD......Page 137 5.4.2 IEEE 802.15.3c......Page 139 5.4.3 ECMA-387/ISO/IEC 13156......Page 141 5.4.4 IEEE 802.11ad......Page 142 5.4.5 WiGig......Page 144 5.5 Technology Choices for High Data Rate 60-GHz Devices......Page 145 5.6.1 Outdoor Point to Point......Page 146 5.6.2 WirelessHD......Page 147 5.6.3 Wireless LAN/PAN......Page 149 5.7.1 Frequency, Channel, and Specification Harmonization......Page 154 5.8 Summary......Page 155 References......Page 156 6.1 Introduction......Page 158 6.2.1 Frequency Bands and Channel Sizes......Page 159 6.2.2 Rules and Regulations......Page 162 6.2.3 Comparison of FCC and ETSI Rules......Page 170 6.2.4 Licensing......Page 172 6.3.1 Cellular and WiMAX Backhaul......Page 176 6.3.2 Remote Radio Heads/Distributed Antenna Systems......Page 178 6.3.4 Fiber Extensions/Backup......Page 179 6.3.5 Other Applications......Page 180 6.4.2 System Architectures and Performance Tradeoffs......Page 181 6.5 90-GHz and Higher Bands......Page 186 6.6.1 Increased Performance and Link Distance......Page 187 6.6.2 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps Systems......Page 188 6.7 Summary......Page 190 References......Page 191 7.1 Introduction......Page 192 7.2 Link Budget and Fade Margin......Page 193 7.2.1 Example Link Budget......Page 196 7.2.2 Fade Margin Versus Link Distance......Page 197 7.3.2 Rain Statistics......Page 202 7.3.3 Rain Attenuation......Page 208 7.3.4 Rain Cells......Page 209 7.3.5 Example High Capacity Link Availabilities and Distances......Page 211 7.4.1 Automatic Transmit Power Control......Page 214 7.4.2 Adaptive Coding and Modulation......Page 215 7.4.4 Ring and Mesh Topologies......Page 217 7.5 Summary......Page 218 References......Page 219 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 220 About the Author......Page 230 Index......Page 232 The high data rate wireless environment. Introduction ; The electromagnetic spectrum ; Spectrum for high data rate wireless transmission ; High data rate wireless technology ; Summary High-frequency wireless propagation. Introduction ; Electromagnetic propagation ; Free-space loss ; Attenuation due to atmospheric gases ; Attenuation due to other airborne particles ; Attenuation due to blockage of the transmission path ; Summary High data rate wireless systems. Introduction ; High data rate wireless system architectures ; High data rate line protocols ; High data rate wireless building blocks ; Summary Multi-gigabit microwave radios. Introduction ; Characteristics of the microwave bands ; Market applications ; Methods for achieving gigabit per second data rates ; The future? ; Summary Multi-gigabit 60-GHz millimeter-wave radios. Introduction ; Characteristics of the 60-GHz band ; 60-GHz market applications ; 60-GHz WLAN standards ; Technology choices for high data rate 60-GHz devices ; High data rate 60-GHz systems ; The future? ; Summary Multi-gigabit 70/80-GHz and higher millimeter-wave radios. Introduction ; Characteristics of the 70/80-GHz bands ; 70/80-GHz market application ; High data rate 70/80-GHz radio equipment ; 90-GHz and higher bands ; The future? ; Summary High data rate wireless link design. Introduction ; Link budget and fade margin ; Link availability and distance ; Improving high capacity link availability and distance ; Summary.