Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Grit : Contemporary Theories, Assessments, Applications and Critiques

This volume provides a multi-disciplinary perspective on grit, its measurement, manifestation and development. Specifically, it provides a comprehensive and balanced response to critiques associated with the construct within the contemporary positive psychological literature. These critiques revolve around the lack of consensus in the conceptualisation, measurement, and management of grit, as well as consensus on its difference from other psychological constructs such as conscientiousness, diligence or determination. Therefore, this volume thoroughly reappraises and consolidates the nature, function, measurement and implications of grit in order to effectively advance the science of achievement. It looks at grit scales developed in various countries and evaluates the concept in various aspects of life, from work performance to sports. Written by a team of multi-disciplinary experts in fields ranging from neuroscience, sociology, and education to human resource management and psychology, this volume firmly positions grit within the discipline of positive psychology’s nomological lexicon. Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Contents Editors and Contributors Chapter 1: How Do Grit and Gratitude Relate to Flourishing? The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Gratitude and Well-Being 1.3 Grit Dimensions and Well-Being 1.4 Theoretical Framework 1.5 Methods 1.5.1 Participants and Procedures 1.5.2 Measures 1.5.3 Procedures 1.5.4 Data Analyses 1.6 Results 1.7 Discussion References Chapter 2: A ``GRRR ́ ́ Goal Orientation Process-Model: Workplace Long-Term Relationships Among Grit, Resilience and Recovery 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Method 2.2.1 Participants, Materials, and Procedure 2.2.2 Data Testing 2.3 Discussion 2.4 Conclusion and Practical Implications References Chapter 3: How Does Grit Compare to Other Psychosocial Factors in Predicting University Students ́ Math Performance and Subject... 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.2.1 Grit and the Psychosocial Factors of Interest with Academic Achievement 3.2.2 Grit and the Psychosocial Factors of Interest with Subjective Wellbeing 3.2.3 The Present Study 3.3 Method 3.3.1 Participants and Procedures 3.3.2 Measures 3.3.3 Data Analysis 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Psychometric Properties of Measures 3.4.2 Intercorrelations Among Key Variables 3.4.3 Predicting Math Grades and SWB from Predictors Independently 3.4.4 Predicting Math Grades and SWB from Predictors Simultaneously 3.4.5 Incremental Validity of Grit in Predicting Math Grades and SWB 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Predicting Math Grades and SWB from Predictors Independently 3.5.2 Predicting Math Grades and SWB from Predictors Simultaneously 3.5.3 Incremental Validity of Grit in Predicting Math Grades and SWB 3.6 Contributions, Limitations and Future Research Directions References Chapter 4: How Does Perseverance of Effort Influence the University Outcomes of Historically Underrepresented Students? 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.2.1 Grit and University Students 4.2.2 Grit and Race/Ethnicity 4.2.3 Grit and Gender 4.2.4 Grit and Parental Education Status 4.3 Theoretical Framework 4.4 Purpose 4.5 Methods 4.5.1 Data 4.5.2 Analyses 4.5.3 Limitations 4.6 Results 4.6.1 First-Year Students 4.6.2 Seniors 4.7 Discussion References Chapter 5: Enhancing Grit: Possibility and Intervention Strategies 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Possibility of Enhancing Grit 5.3 Grit Promotion Strategies 5.3.1 Teaching Grit 5.3.2 Reflecting on the Past Failures 5.3.3 Growth Mindset 5.3.4 Goal Setting 5.3.5 Deliberate Practice 5.3.6 Media Overuse 5.3.7 Emotional Regulation 5.3.8 Interest Discovery and Maintenance 5.4 Future Directions References Chapter 6: Gritty Goal Pursuit and Perceived Chronic Stress: Exploring Implications for Academic Problems 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Literature Review 6.2.1 Stress, Grit, and Academic Problems 6.3 Methodology: Study 1 6.3.1 Participants 6.3.2 Measures 6.3.3 Data Reduction and Analytic Plan 6.4 Results: Study 1 6.5 Methodology: Study 2 6.5.1 Participants 6.5.2 Measures 6.5.3 Data Reduction and Analytic Plan 6.6 Results: Study 2 6.7 Discussion 6.8 Practical Implications 6.9 Future Directions 6.10 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Grit Lit: An Effort to Cultivate Grit and Task Perseverance Through a High-School Language Arts Curriculum 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Grit-Building Curriculum 7.2.1 The Theoretical Grounding of the Grit-Building Curriculum 7.2.2 Tenets and Implementation of the Grit-Building Curriculum 7.3 Methods and Research Design 7.4 Results 7.5 Discussion 7.6 Practical Implications and Future Directions 7.7 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Deconstructing Grit ́s Validity: The Case for Revising Grit Measures and Theory 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Deconstructing Grit ́s Validity: The Case for Revising Grit Measures and Theory 8.2 Substantive Validity 8.2.1 Literature Search and Hierarchical Structure of Constructs 8.2.2 Creation of an Item Pool 8.2.3 Derivative Versions 8.3 Structural Validity 8.3.1 Item Response Theory 8.3.2 Bifactor Models 8.3.3 Sample Considerations 8.3.4 Inclusion of Comparison Scales 8.3.5 Subscales 8.3.6 Summary 8.4 External Validity 8.4.1 Criterion Validity 8.4.2 Discriminant Validity 8.4.3 Incremental Validity 8.4.4 Summary 8.5 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Neurological Correlates of Grit: A Critical Review 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Neural Correlates of Grit 9.2.1 Significance of Neuroimaging Research in Grit 9.2.2 Candidate Brain Regions for Searching the Neural Correlates of Grit 9.2.3 Extant Empirical Neuroimaging Studies of Grit 9.3 Limitations and Future Directions 9.3.1 Methodological Limitations 9.3.2 Future Directions 9.4 Practical Applications and Implications for Future Research References Chapter 10: High Hope and Low Rumination Are Antecedents of Grit 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Hope and Grit 10.1.2 Rumination and Grit 10.1.3 The Present Study 10.2 Method 10.2.1 Participants 10.2.2 Measures 10.2.2.1 Rumination 10.2.2.2 Hope 10.2.2.3 Grit 10.2.3 Procedure 10.2.4 Analytic Plan 10.3 Results 10.3.1 Descriptive Statistics 10.3.2 Did Hope and Rumination Predict Changes in Grit Over Time? 10.3.3 Did Grit Predict Changes in Hope and Rumination Over Time? 10.3.4 Do Different Profiles of Hope and Rumination Exhibit Expected Levels of Grit? 10.4 Discussion 10.4.1 Limitations of the Present Study 10.4.2 Future Directions 10.5 Conclusion Appendix 1: Demographic Information Appendix 2: Mplus Syntax Used to Perform the Latent Profile Analysis References Chapter 11: Can the Components of Grit Predict the Long-Term Educational Outcomes? 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Does the Grit Scale Structure Fit the Theoretical Model of Grit? 11.3 Do the Grit Scale Facets Form Consistent Patterns with Other Traits and Behaviours? 11.4 Where to Look for the Effects of Grit? 11.5 Current Study 11.6 Method 11.6.1 Sample 11.7 Predictor Measures 11.7.1 Consistency of Interest and Perseverance of Effort 11.8 Outcome Measures 11.8.1 Educational Trajectories 11.8.2 Academic Achievement 11.9 Covariates 11.10 Statistical Approach 11.11 Results 11.11.1 How PE and CI Predict Educational Trajectories after Grade 9 11.11.2 How PE and CI Predict Educational Trajectories after the End of Secondary Education (AFTER Grade 11 in General School) 11.11.3 How PE and CI Predict Academic Achievement for Students in General School 11.11.4 How PE and CI Predict Academic Achievement in Universities 11.12 Mediation Analyses 11.13 Discussion Appendix References Chapter 12: Exploring the Grit-Performance and Grit-Career Success Relationship: The Role of Psychological Ownership 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Literature Review 12.2.1 Grit and Performance 12.2.2 Grit and Subjective Career Success 12.2.3 Psychological Ownership 12.2.3.1 Psychological Ownership and Its Implications for Performance 12.2.3.2 Psychological Ownership and its Implications for Subjective Career Success 12.3 Theoretical Framework 12.4 Practical Implications 12.5 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Developing Gritty Job Seekers: A Need-Supportive Approach to Grit Interventions 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Conceptualizing Grit 13.3 Developing Gritty Job Seekers 13.3.1 Cultivating Sustainable Interest 13.3.2 Deliberate Practice 13.3.3 Pursuing Purpose and Discovering Meaning 13.3.4 Instilling Hope 13.3.5 Fostering a Growth-Mindset 13.4 Need Satisfaction in the Context in which Gritty Job Seekers Are Developed 13.4.1 Self-Determination Theory 13.4.2 Basic Need Satisfaction 13.4.3 Autonomy-Supportive Behaviors 13.4.4 Competence-Supportive Behaviors 13.4.5 Relatedness-Supportive Behaviors 13.4.6 Grit and Self-Employment 13.5 Conclusion and Future Directions References