Movies in American History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia [3 volumes]

Энциклопедия американского кино как культурного и социального феномена. Movies in American History: An Encyclopedia is a reference text focused on the relationship between American society and movies and filmmaking in the United States from the late 19th century through the present. Each encyclopedic entry provides data about the film, an explanation of the films cultural significance and influence, information about significant individuals involved with that work, and resources for further study. Title......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Acknowledgments......Page 18 Introduction......Page 20 Films......Page 62 Ali......Page 64 Alien......Page 66 All about Eve......Page 68 All Quiet on the Western Front......Page 69 All the King's Men......Page 71 American Graffiti......Page 73 American in Paris, An......Page 75 Angels with Dirty Faces......Page 76 Annie Hall......Page 79 Apocalypse Now......Page 80 Badlands......Page 84 Bambi......Page 85 Batman......Page 87 Battleship Potemkin......Page 88 Best Years of Our Lives, The......Page 91 Big......Page 93 Big Chill, The......Page 94 Big Heat, The......Page 96 Big Parade, The......Page 98 Big Sleep, The......Page 99 Birth of a Nation, The......Page 102 Blade Runner......Page 107 Blair Witch Project, The......Page 109 Blue Velvet......Page 111 Bond Films, The......Page 112 Bonnie and Clyde......Page 115 Bowling for Columbine......Page 123 Boys in the Band, The......Page 125 Boyz N' the Hood......Page 126 Breakfast Club, The......Page 127 Breaking Away......Page 129 Breathless......Page 130 Bridge on the River Kwai, The......Page 132 Brokeback Mountain......Page 134 Bulworth......Page 136 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid......Page 137 Caddyshack......Page 142 Carnal Knowledge......Page 143 Casablanca......Page 145 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof......Page 148 Chinatown......Page 150 Cinderella......Page 152 Citizen Kane......Page 153 City Lights......Page 158 Cleopatra......Page 160 Clockwork Orange, A......Page 162 Clueless......Page 164 Conversation, The......Page 165 Cool Hand Luke......Page 167 Crash (1996)......Page 169 Crash (2004)......Page 171 Crying Game, The......Page 173 Dances with Wolves......Page 176 Days of Wine and Roses......Page 178 Dead Poets Society......Page 179 Deer Hunter, The......Page 181 Deliverance......Page 185 Die Hard......Page 187 Dirty Dancing......Page 189 Dirty Harry......Page 191 Do the Right Thing......Page 193 Double Indemnity......Page 195 Dr. Strangelove......Page 197 Driving Miss Daisy......Page 200 Duck Soup......Page 202 E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial......Page 206 East of Eden......Page 208 Easy Rider......Page 210 Erin Brockovich......Page 212 Exorcist, The......Page 214 Fahrenheit 451......Page 220 Fail-Safe......Page 221 Falling Down......Page 223 Fargo......Page 224 Fast Times at Ridgemont High......Page 226 Fatal Attraction......Page 228 Ferris Bueller's Day Off......Page 230 Few Good Men, A......Page 232 Fiddler on the Roof......Page 235 Finding Nemo......Page 236 Flags of Our Fathers......Page 238 400 Blows, The......Page 241 Frankenstein......Page 243 French Connection, The......Page 244 Friday the 13th......Page 247 Front, The......Page 248 Full Metal Jacket......Page 250 Gattaca......Page 254 General, The......Page 255 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes......Page 257 Giant......Page 259 Gladiator......Page 260 Glory......Page 262 Godfather Trilogy, The......Page 264 Going My Way......Page 268 Goldfinger......Page 270 Gone with the Wind......Page 272 Goodfellas......Page 274 Graduate, The......Page 276 Grapes of Wrath, The......Page 278 Grease......Page 280 Great Dictator, The......Page 283 Great Escape, The......Page 285 Great Train Robbery, The......Page 287 Guess Who's Coming to Dinner......Page 289 Halloween......Page 292 Harold and Maude......Page 294 Harry Potter Series, The......Page 296 Heaven's Gate......Page 301 High Noon......Page 302 Hoop Dreams......Page 304 How Green Was My Valley......Page 307 In the Company of Men......Page 310 In the Heat of the Night......Page 311 Independence Day......Page 313 Indiana Jones......Page 315 Insider, The......Page 319 Interiors......Page 321 Intolerance......Page 322 Invasion of the Body Snatchers......Page 324 Iron Man......Page 326 It Happened One Night......Page 328 It's a Wonderful Life......Page 331 Jaws......Page 336 Jazz Singer, The......Page 338 Jerry Maguire......Page 340 JFK......Page 341 Judgment at Nuremberg......Page 343 Jurassic Park......Page 345 Karate Kid, The......Page 348 Killing Fields, The......Page 349 L.A. Confidential......Page 352 Land Beyond the Sunset, The......Page 354 Last Picture Show, The......Page 356 Lean on Me......Page 358 Left Handed Gun, The......Page 359 Lethal Weapon......Page 362 Letters from Iwo Jima......Page 363 Lion King, The......Page 366 Little Big Man......Page 368 Lord of the Rings, The......Page 370 Lost in Translation......Page 372 Love Story......Page 374 Magnificent Ambersons, The......Page 378 Magnificent Seven, The......Page 379 Malcolm X......Page 381 Maltese Falcon, The......Page 383 Manchurian Candidate, The......Page 385 Manhattan......Page 387 Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, The......Page 389 Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media......Page 390 Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, The......Page 392 Mary Poppins......Page 394 M*A*S*H......Page 396 Matrix Series, The......Page 399 McCabe and Mrs. Miller......Page 402 Meet Me in St. Louis......Page 404 Memento......Page 405 Metropolis......Page 407 Midnight Cowboy......Page 410 Million Dollar Baby......Page 412 Miracle on 34th Street......Page 414 Modern Times......Page 416 Moulin Rouge!......Page 418 Mr. Deeds Goes to Town......Page 420 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington......Page 421 Music Man, The......Page 423 My Darling Clementine......Page 425 My Man Godfrey _proper link is given......Page 427 Nixon......Page 432 No Country for Old Men......Page 434 Officer and a Gentleman, An......Page 436 On the Waterfront......Page 438 Ordinary People......Page 439 Paper Chase, The......Page 442 Passion of the Christ, The......Page 443 Philadelphia......Page 445 Philadelphia Story, The......Page 448 Piano, The......Page 449 Pillow Talk......Page 451 Place in the Sun, A......Page 452 Planet of the Apes......Page 454 Platoon......Page 456 Postman Always Rings Twice, The......Page 458 Pretty Woman......Page 460 Pride of the Yankees, The......Page 462 Producers, The......Page 463 Psycho......Page 465 Pulp Fiction......Page 467 Quiet Man, The......Page 470 Rebel Without a Cause......Page 472 Rio Bravo......Page 474 Risky Business......Page 476 Rocky Horror Picture Show, The......Page 477 Roger & Me......Page 479 Rosemary's Baby......Page 481 Saving Private Ryan......Page 484 Scarface: The Shame of a Nation (1932)......Page 486 Schindler's List......Page 488 Searchers, The......Page 490 Serpico......Page 492 Sex, Lies, and Videotape......Page 494 Shadows......Page 495 Shaft......Page 496 Shane......Page 498 Shawshank Redemption, The......Page 501 Shining, The......Page 502 Shrek Series, The......Page 504 Silence of the Lambs, The......Page 507 Singin' in the Rain......Page 509 Singles......Page 511 Sixteen Candles......Page 513 Sixth Sense, The......Page 515 Sleepless in Seattle......Page 517 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs......Page 519 Sound of Music, The......Page 521 Splendor in the Grass......Page 523 Stagecoach......Page 524 Star Trek Series, The......Page 527 Star Wars Series, The......Page 531 Streetcar Named Desire, A......Page 537 Sullivan's Travels......Page 539 Sunset Blvd.......Page 541 Superman: The Movie......Page 543 Taxi Driver......Page 546 Terminator Series, The......Page 548 Thelma and Louise......Page 552 Third Man, The......Page 554 Three Kings......Page 556 Titanic......Page 557 To Kill a Mockingbird......Page 560 Top Gun......Page 562 Touch of Evil......Page 564 Toy Story......Page 566 Traffic......Page 568 12 Angry Men......Page 569 2001: A Space Odyssey......Page 571 Unforgiven......Page 574 Vertigo......Page 578 Waiting for Guffman......Page 582 Way We Were, The......Page 584 West Side Story......Page 587 When Harry Met Sally......Page 588 White Christmas......Page 590 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?......Page 591 Wild Bunch, The......Page 593 Winchester '73......Page 595 Witness......Page 597 Wizard of Oz, The......Page 598 Woman of the Year......Page 601 Working Girl......Page 602 Yankee Doodle Dandy......Page 606 People......Page 610 Allen, Dede......Page 612 Allen, Woody......Page 614 Altman, Robert......Page 617 Arzner, Dorothy......Page 620 Ashby, Hal......Page 622 Astaire, Fred......Page 623 Beatty, Warren......Page 626 Bergman, Ingrid......Page 630 Berkeley, Busby......Page 631 Berry, Halle......Page 634 Bigelow, Kathryn......Page 635 Bogdanovich, Peter......Page 639 Borden, Lizzie......Page 642 Brando, Marlon......Page 643 Brooks, Mel......Page 645 Burton, Tim......Page 647 Cagney, James......Page 650 Campion, Jane......Page 652 Capra, Frank......Page 655 Carpenter, John......Page 658 Cassavetes, John......Page 660 Chaplin, Charlie......Page 662 Chayefsky, Paddy......Page 665 Coen, Joel and Ethan......Page 666 Colbert, Claudette......Page 669 Coppola, Francis Ford......Page 670 Corman, Roger......Page 673 Costner, Kevin......Page 675 Cukor, George......Page 677 Curtiz, Michael......Page 679 DeMille, Cecil B.......Page 682 De Niro, Robert......Page 684 Deren, Maya......Page 686 Disney, Walt......Page 689 Donner, Richard......Page 692 Duras, Marguerite......Page 693 Eastwood, Clint......Page 696 Ebert, Roger......Page 699 Edison, Thomas Alva......Page 700 Eisenstein, Sergei......Page 702 Ephron, Nora......Page 705 Fairbanks, Douglas, Sr.......Page 708 Fleming, Victor......Page 710 Flynn, Errol......Page 712 Ford, John......Page 713 Foster, Jodie......Page 718 Frankenheimer, John......Page 719 Friedkin, William......Page 721 Gable, Clark......Page 724 Garbo, Greta......Page 726 Gibson, Mel......Page 727 Gish, Lillian......Page 730 Grant, Cary......Page 732 Grier, Pam......Page 734 Griffith, D. W.......Page 735 Hawks, Howard......Page 740 Heckerling, Amy......Page 744 Hepburn, Katharine......Page 745 Heston, Charlton......Page 748 Hill, George Roy......Page 750 Hitchcock, Alfred......Page 751 Hopper, Dennis......Page 757 Huston, John......Page 759 Kasdan, Lawrence......Page 762 Kazan, Elia......Page 763 Keaton, Buster......Page 765 Keaton, Diane......Page 768 Kubrick, Stanley......Page 770 Lang, Fritz......Page 774 Laurel and Hardy......Page 778 Lee, Ang......Page 780 Lee, Spike......Page 782 Lewis, Jerry......Page 784 Lloyd, Harold......Page 786 Lucas, George......Page 788 Lumet, Sidney......Page 790 Lumieère, Auguste and Louis......Page 792 Lupino, Ida......Page 793 Lynch, David......Page 795 Mann, Michael......Page 798 Marx Brothers, The......Page 800 May, Elaine......Page 801 McDaniel, Hattie......Page 803 Meèliès, Georges......Page 805 Micheaux, Oscar......Page 806 Miller, Arthur......Page 808 Monroe, Marilyn......Page 810 Moore, Michael......Page 812 Mulvey, Laura......Page 815 Murnau, F. W.......Page 816 Muybridge, Eadweard......Page 818 Newman, Paul......Page 824 Nichols, Mike......Page 826 Nicholson, Jack......Page 831 Pacino, Al......Page 834 Peckinpah, Sam......Page 836 Penn, Arthur......Page 838 Pickford, Mary......Page 840 Poitier, Sidney......Page 842 Polanski, Roman......Page 844 Pollack, Sydney......Page 846 Preminger, Otto......Page 849 Ray, Nicholas......Page 852 Robeson, Paul......Page 853 Sarris, Andrew......Page 856 Schoonmaker, Thelma......Page 858 Scorsese, Martin......Page 861 Scott, Ridley......Page 864 Sinatra, Frank......Page 868 Singleton, John......Page 870 Spielberg, Steven......Page 872 Stone, Oliver......Page 875 Streisand, Barbra......Page 877 Sturges, John......Page 879 Sturges, Preston......Page 882 Tarantino, Quentin......Page 886 Taylor, Elizabeth......Page 887 Towne, Robert......Page 888 Truffaut, François......Page 891 Valentino, Rudolph......Page 894 Van Peebles, Melvin......Page 896 Varda, Agnès......Page 898 Vidor, King......Page 900 Von Stroheim, Erich......Page 902 Washington, Denzel......Page 906 Waters, John......Page 908 Wayne, John......Page 910 Weber, Lois......Page 915 Welles, Orson......Page 917 Wenders, Wim......Page 921 Wilder, Billy......Page 923 Williams, John......Page 927 Wyler, William......Page 929 Zanuck, Darryl......Page 932 Subjects......Page 936 Academy Awards, The......Page 938 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)......Page 940 Action-Adventure Film, The......Page 941 African Americans in Film......Page 946 Ancient World in Film, The......Page 953 Animation......Page 959 Auteur Theory......Page 961 Biblical Epic, The......Page 968 Blackface......Page 975 Cannes Film Festival, The......Page 978 Cineéma Veériteé......Page 979 Cinematography......Page 982 Color......Page 984 Coming-of-Age Film, The......Page 986 Committee on Public Information, The......Page 989 Documentary, The......Page 992 Drive-in Theaters......Page 995 Early Movie Houses......Page 998 Ethnic and Immigrant Culture Cinema......Page 1000 Feminist Film Criticism......Page 1006 Film Criticism......Page 1011 Film Editing......Page 1014 Film Noir......Page 1016 French New Wave......Page 1020 Gangster Film, The......Page 1026 German Expressionism......Page 1029 Hard-Boiled Detective Film, The......Page 1032 Hays Office and Censorship, The......Page 1034 Hollywood Blacklist, The......Page 1036 HUAC Hearings, The......Page 1039 Independent Film, The......Page 1042 Intellectual Montage......Page 1044 Italian Neorealism......Page 1045 Judaism and Film......Page 1050 Kuleshov Effect, The......Page 1058 Male Gaze, The......Page 1060 Melodrama, The......Page 1062 Method Acting......Page 1066 Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA)......Page 1067 Movie Star, The......Page 1069 Music in Film......Page 1070 Musical, The......Page 1077 Native Americans in Film......Page 1082 New Technologies in Film......Page 1087 Nickelodeon Era, The......Page 1089 Politics and Film......Page 1092 Product Placements......Page 1097 Product Tie-Ins......Page 1098 Religion and Censorship in Film......Page 1102 Religion and Nationalism in Film......Page 1105 Representations of Disability in Film......Page 1110 Romantic Comedy, The......Page 1117 Science and Politics in Film......Page 1130 Science Fiction Film, The......Page 1136 Screen Actors Guild......Page 1141 Screenplay and the Screenwriter, The......Page 1142 Silent Era, The......Page 1146 Slasher Films......Page 1149 Social Movements and Film......Page 1151 Sound......Page 1156 Sports Film, The......Page 1159 Studio System, The......Page 1161 Sundance Film Festival, The......Page 1163 Superhero in Film, The......Page 1164 Television......Page 1172 War Film, The......Page 1176 Western, The......Page 1187 Women in Film......Page 1194 A......Page 1204 B......Page 1209 C......Page 1215 D......Page 1221 E......Page 1226 F......Page 1227 G......Page 1231 H......Page 1235 I......Page 1240 J......Page 1242 K......Page 1243 L......Page 1245 M......Page 1249 N......Page 1256 O......Page 1259 P......Page 1260 R......Page 1264 S......Page 1269 T......Page 1277 U......Page 1280 V......Page 1281 W......Page 1282 Y......Page 1289 Z......Page 1290 About the Editor......Page 1292 List of Contributors......Page 1294 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 Acknowledgments 18 Introduction 20 Films 62 Ali 64 Alien 66 All about Eve 68 All Quiet on the Western Front 69 All the King's Men 71 American Graffiti 73 American in Paris, An 75 Angels with Dirty Faces 76 Annie Hall 79 Apocalypse Now 80 Badlands 84 Bambi 85 Batman 87 Battleship Potemkin 88 Best Years of Our Lives, The 91 Big 93 Big Chill, The 94 Big Heat, The 96 Big Parade, The 98 Big Sleep, The 99 Birth of a Nation, The 102 Blade Runner 107 Blair Witch Project, The 109 Blue Velvet 111 Bond Films, The 112 Bonnie and Clyde 115 Bowling for Columbine 123 Boys in the Band, The 125 Boyz N' the Hood 126 Breakfast Club, The 127 Breaking Away 129 Breathless 130 Bridge on the River Kwai, The 132 Brokeback Mountain 134 Bulworth 136 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 137 Caddyshack 142 Carnal Knowledge 143 Casablanca 145 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 148 Chinatown 150 Cinderella 152 Citizen Kane 153 City Lights 158 Cleopatra 160 Clockwork Orange, A 162 Clueless 164 Conversation, The 165 Cool Hand Luke 167 Crash (1996) 169 Crash (2004) 171 Crying Game, The 173 Dances with Wolves 176 Days of Wine and Roses 178 Dead Poets Society 179 Deer Hunter, The 181 Deliverance 185 Die Hard 187 Dirty Dancing 189 Dirty Harry 191 Do the Right Thing 193 Double Indemnity 195 Dr. Strangelove 197 Driving Miss Daisy 200 Duck Soup 202 E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial 206 East of Eden 208 Easy Rider 210 Erin Brockovich 212 Exorcist, The 214 Fahrenheit 451 220 Fail-Safe 221 Falling Down 223 Fargo 224 Fast Times at Ridgemont High 226 Fatal Attraction 228 Ferris Bueller's Day Off 230 Few Good Men, A 232 Fiddler on the Roof 235 Finding Nemo 236 Flags of Our Fathers 238 400 Blows, The 241 Frankenstein 243 French Connection, The 244 Friday the 13th 247 Front, The 248 Full Metal Jacket 250 Gattaca 254 General, The 255 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes 257 Giant 259 Gladiator 260 Glory 262 Godfather Trilogy, The 264 Going My Way 268 Goldfinger 270 Gone with the Wind 272 Goodfellas 274 Graduate, The 276 Grapes of Wrath, The 278 Grease 280 Great Dictator, The 283 Great Escape, The 285 Great Train Robbery, The 287 Guess Who's Coming to Dinner 289 Halloween 292 Harold and Maude 294 Harry Potter Series, The 296 Heaven's Gate 301 High Noon 302 Hoop Dreams 304 How Green Was My Valley 307 In the Company of Men 310 In the Heat of the Night 311 Independence Day 313 Indiana Jones 315 Insider, The 319 Interiors 321 Intolerance 322 Invasion of the Body Snatchers 324 Iron Man 326 It Happened One Night 328 It's a Wonderful Life 331 Jaws 336 Jazz Singer, The 338 Jerry Maguire 340 JFK 341 Judgment at Nuremberg 343 Jurassic Park 345 Karate Kid, The 348 Killing Fields, The 349 L.A. Confidential 352 Land Beyond the Sunset, The 354 Last Picture Show, The 356 Lean on Me 358 Left Handed Gun, The 359 Lethal Weapon 362 Letters from Iwo Jima 363 Lion King, The 366 Little Big Man 368 Lord of the Rings, The 370 Lost in Translation 372 Love Story 374 Magnificent Ambersons, The 378 Magnificent Seven, The 379 Malcolm X 381 Maltese Falcon, The 383 Manchurian Candidate, The 385 Manhattan 387 Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, The 389 Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media 390 Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, The 392 Mary Poppins 394 M*A*S*H 396 Matrix Series, The 399 McCabe and Mrs. Miller 402 Meet Me in St. Louis 404 Memento 405 Metropolis 407 Midnight Cowboy 410 Million Dollar Baby 412 Miracle on 34th Street 414 Modern Times 416 Moulin Rouge! 418 Mr. Deeds Goes to Town 420 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington 421 Music Man, The 423 My Darling Clementine 425 My Man Godfrey _proper link is given 427 Nixon 432 No Country for Old Men 434 Officer and a Gentleman, An 436 On the Waterfront 438 Ordinary People 439 Paper Chase, The 442 Passion of the Christ, The 443 Philadelphia 445 Philadelphia Story, The 448 Piano, The 449 Pillow Talk 451 Place in the Sun, A 452 Planet of the Apes 454 Platoon 456 Postman Always Rings Twice, The 458 Pretty Woman 460 Pride of the Yankees, The 462 Producers, The 463 Psycho 465 Pulp Fiction 467 Quiet Man, The 470 Rebel Without a Cause 472 Rio Bravo 474 Risky Business 476 Rocky Horror Picture Show, The 477 Roger & Me 479 Rosemary's Baby 481 Saving Private Ryan 484 Scarface: The Shame of a Nation (1932) 486 Schindler's List 488 Searchers, The 490 Serpico 492 Sex, Lies, and Videotape 494 Shadows 495 Shaft 496 Shane 498 Shawshank Redemption, The 501 Shining, The 502 Shrek Series, The 504 Silence of the Lambs, The 507 Singin' in the Rain 509 Singles 511 Sixteen Candles 513 Sixth Sense, The 515 Sleepless in Seattle 517 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 519 Sound of Music, The 521 Splendor in the Grass 523 Stagecoach 524 Star Trek Series, The 527 Star Wars Series, The 531 Streetcar Named Desire, A 537 Sullivan's Travels 539 Sunset Blvd. 541 Superman: The Movie 543 Taxi Driver 546 Terminator Series, The 548 Thelma and Louise 552 Third Man, The 554 Three Kings 556 Titanic 557 To Kill a Mockingbird 560 Top Gun 562 Touch of Evil 564 Toy Story 566 Traffic 568 12 Angry Men 569 2001: A Space Odyssey 571 Unforgiven 574 Vertigo 578 Waiting for Guffman 582 Way We Were, The 584 West Side Story 587 When Harry Met Sally 588 White Christmas 590 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 591 Wild Bunch, The 593 Winchester '73 595 Witness 597 Wizard of Oz, The 598 Woman of the Year 601 Working Girl 602 Yankee Doodle Dandy 606 People 610 Allen, Dede 612 Allen, Woody 614 Altman, Robert 617 Arzner, Dorothy 620 Ashby, Hal 622 Astaire, Fred 623 Beatty, Warren 626 Bergman, Ingrid 630 Berkeley, Busby 631 Berry, Halle 634 Bigelow, Kathryn 635 Bogdanovich, Peter 639 Borden, Lizzie 642 Brando, Marlon 643 Brooks, Mel 645 Burton, Tim 647 Cagney, James 650 Campion, Jane 652 Capra, Frank 655 Carpenter, John 658 Cassavetes, John 660 Chaplin, Charlie 662 Chayefsky, Paddy 665 Coen, Joel and Ethan 666 Colbert, Claudette 669 Coppola, Francis Ford 670 Corman, Roger 673 Costner, Kevin 675 Cukor, George 677 Curtiz, Michael 679 DeMille, Cecil B. 682 De Niro, Robert 684 Deren, Maya 686 Disney, Walt 689 Donner, Richard 692 Duras, Marguerite 693 Eastwood, Clint 696 Ebert, Roger 699 Edison, Thomas Alva 700 Eisenstein, Sergei 702 Ephron, Nora 705 Fairbanks, Douglas, Sr. 708 Fleming, Victor 710 Flynn, Errol 712 Ford, John 713 Foster, Jodie 718 Frankenheimer, John 719 Friedkin, William 721 Gable, Clark 724 Garbo, Greta 726 Gibson, Mel 727 Gish, Lillian 730 Grant, Cary 732 Grier, Pam 734 Griffith, D. W. 735 Hawks, Howard 740 Heckerling, Amy 744 Hepburn, Katharine 745 Heston, Charlton 748 Hill, George Roy 750 Hitchcock, Alfred 751 Hopper, Dennis 757 Huston, John 759 Kasdan, Lawrence 762 Kazan, Elia 763 Keaton, Buster 765 Keaton, Diane 768 Kubrick, Stanley 770 Lang, Fritz 774 Laurel and Hardy 778 Lee, Ang 780 Lee, Spike 782 Lewis, Jerry 784 Lloyd, Harold 786 Lucas, George 788 Lumet, Sidney 790 Lumieère, Auguste and Louis 792 Lupino, Ida 793 Lynch, David 795 Mann, Michael 798 Marx Brothers, The 800 May, Elaine 801 McDaniel, Hattie 803 Meèliès, Georges 805 Micheaux, Oscar 806 Miller, Arthur 808 Monroe, Marilyn 810 Moore, Michael 812 Mulvey, Laura 815 Murnau, F. W. 816 Muybridge, Eadweard 818 Newman, Paul 824 Nichols, Mike 826 Nicholson, Jack 831 Pacino, Al 834 Peckinpah, Sam 836 Penn, Arthur 838 Pickford, Mary 840 Poitier, Sidney 842 Polanski, Roman 844 Pollack, Sydney 846 Preminger, Otto 849 Ray, Nicholas 852 Robeson, Paul 853 Sarris, Andrew 856 Schoonmaker, Thelma 858 Scorsese, Martin 861 Scott, Ridley 864 Sinatra, Frank 868 Singleton, John 870 Spielberg, Steven 872 Stone, Oliver 875 Streisand, Barbra 877 Sturges, John 879 Sturges, Preston 882 Tarantino, Quentin 886 Taylor, Elizabeth 887 Towne, Robert 888 Truffaut, François 891 Valentino, Rudolph 894 Van Peebles, Melvin 896 Varda, Agnès 898 Vidor, King 900 Von Stroheim, Erich 902 Washington, Denzel 906 Waters, John 908 Wayne, John 910 Weber, Lois 915 Welles, Orson 917 Wenders, Wim 921 Wilder, Billy 923 Williams, John 927 Wyler, William 929 Zanuck, Darryl 932 Subjects 936 Academy Awards, The 938 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) 940 Action-Adventure Film, The 941 African Americans in Film 946 Ancient World in Film, The 953 Animation 959 Auteur Theory 961 Biblical Epic, The 968 Blackface 975 Cannes Film Festival, The 978 Cineéma Veériteé 979 Cinematography 982 Color 984 Coming-of-Age Film, The 986 Committee on Public Information, The 989 Documentary, The 992 Drive-in Theaters 995 Early Movie Houses 998 Ethnic and Immigrant Culture Cinema 1000 Feminist Film Criticism 1006 Film Criticism 1011 Film Editing 1014 Film Noir 1016 French New Wave 1020 Gangster Film, The 1026 German Expressionism 1029 Hard-Boiled Detective Film, The 1032 Hays Office and Censorship, The 1034 Hollywood Blacklist, The 1036 HUAC Hearings, The 1039 Independent Film, The 1042 Intellectual Montage 1044 Italian Neorealism 1045 Judaism and Film 1050 Kuleshov Effect, The 1058 Male Gaze, The 1060 Melodrama, The 1062 Method Acting 1066 Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) 1067 Movie Star, The 1069 Music in Film 1070 Musical, The 1077 Native Americans in Film 1082 New Technologies in Film 1087 Nickelodeon Era, The 1089 Politics and Film 1092 Product Placements 1097 Product Tie-Ins 1098 Religion and Censorship in Film 1102 Religion and Nationalism in Film 1105 Representations of Disability in Film 1110 Romantic Comedy, The 1117 Science and Politics in Film 1130 Science Fiction Film, The 1136 Screen Actors Guild 1141 Screenplay and the Screenwriter, The 1142 Silent Era, The 1146 Slasher Films 1149 Social Movements and Film 1151 Sound 1156 Sports Film, The 1159 Studio System, The 1161 Sundance Film Festival, The 1163 Superhero in Film, The 1164 Television 1172 War Film, The 1176 Western, The 1187 Women in Film 1194 Index 1204 A 1204 B 1209 C 1215 D 1221 E 1226 F 1227 G 1231 H 1235 I 1240 J 1242 K 1243 L 1245 M 1249 N 1256 O 1259 P 1260 Q 1264 R 1264 S 1269 T 1277 U 1280 V 1281 W 1282 X 1289 Y 1289 Z 1290 About the Editor 1292 List of Contributors 1294 This provocative three-volume encyclopedia is a valuable resource for readers seeking an understanding of how movies have both reflected and helped engender America's political, economic, and social history. Movies in American History: An Encyclopedia is a reference text focused on the relationship between American society and movies and filmmaking in the United States from the late 19th century through the present. Beyond discussing many important American films ranging from Birth of a Nation to Star Wars to the Harry Potter film series, the essays included in the volumes explore sensitive issues in cinema related to race, class, and gender, authored by international scholars who provide unique perspectives on American cinema and history. Written by a diverse group of distinguished scholars with backgrounds in history, film studies, culture studies, science, religion, and politics, this reference guide will appeal to readers new to cinema studies as well as film experts. Each encyclopedic entry provides data about the film, an explanation of the film's cultural significance and influence, information about significant individuals involved with that work, and resources for further study. * Provides 450 A-Z entries that comprehensively cover the historical significance of subjects, people, and films of the American cinema * Contains contributions from 150 distinguished interdisciplinary scholars offering their analysis on the role of movies in American history * Includes reference materials and suggestions for further reading with every entry