Mount Grace Priory: Excavations of 1957 - 1992

Owned by the National Trust and managed by English Heritage, Mount Grace Priory in North Yorkshire, established in 1398 and suppressed in 1539, was one of only nine successful Carthusian monasteries in England and one of the best-preserved medieval houses of that order in Europe. First excavated by Sir William St John Hope in 1896-1900 and in state guardianship since 1955 it is acknowledged as a type site for late-medieval Carthusian monasteries. The modern study of Mount Grace began in 1957 when Hope’s interpretation of the monks’ cells about the great cloister was found to be simplistic. This was followed between 1968 and 1974 by the excavation of individual monks’ cells in the west range of the great cloister and two cells in the north range, together with their gardens, areas not excavated by Hope. The examination of the monks’ cells was completed in 1985 by the excavation of the central cell of the north cloister range, together with its garden and the cloister alley outside the cell. The cultural material recovered from these cells indicated the ‘trade’ each monk practiced, predominantly the copying and binding of books. Because each cell was enclosed by high walls, the pottery and metalwork recovered could be identified to an individual monk. In 1987 English Heritage commissioned the re-excavation of two areas that had been examined by Hope, the water tower in the great cloister and the prior’s cell, refectory and kitchen in the south cloister range and the guest house in the west range of the inner court. The contrast between this semi-public area of the monastery and the monks’ cells was dramatic. Coupled with this excavation was a reappraisal of the architectural development of the monastery and reconstruction of lost structures such as the cloister alley walls and the central water tower. Table of Contents Preface The Charterhouses of England Charterhouse Remains First Excavations at Mount Grace: 1896-1900 Mount Grace Passes into State Guardianship Second Excavation at Mount Grace: 1957 Lauren Keen’s Campaign: 1969-74 Glyn Coppack’s Campaign: 1985-92 Research Design Acknowledgements 1 Mount Grace Priory and the Carthusian Order Origins of the Carthusian Order Spread of the Carthusian Order Carthusian Life Layout of Carthusian Monasteries The Carthusians in England 2 History and Topography of Mount Grace Priory History of the Charterhouse The Estates, Demesnes and Site of Mount Grace Priory Priory Community and the Local People Suppression and Later History of Mount Grace 3 The Site of Mount Grace Priory and its Archaeological History Site of the Priory Previous Archaeological Excavation at Mount Grace Priory 4 The Archaeology of the Great Cloister Note on Finds Numbering and Context Numbers The Monks’ Cells 5 The Archaeology of the Inner Court The South-west Cloister Range The Guest House and Kitchen Ranges The Cells of the Lesser Cloister The South Range of the Inner Court 6 The Buildings and Infrastructure of Mount Grace Priory and their Development The Development of the Priory Buildings 1398–1539 Water Supply and Drainage The Development of the Guest-house Range 1540–1901 7 The Cultural Collections The Setting of the Site Evidenced by Insect Remains Pottery Coins and Jettons The Ceramic Floor Tiles Fish Remains from the Kitchen and South-west Cloister Range Small Finds Architectural Detail Window Glass 8 The Significance of the Mount Grace Project Mount Grace Priory and its Significance Future Research 9 Summary 10 Bibliography HISTORY / Europe / Medieval Cover 1 Book Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 List of figures 8 List of tables 12 Summary 14 Foreign language summaries 15 Preface 18 Chapter 1: Mount Grace Priory and the Carthusian Order 26 1.1 Origins of the Carthusian Order 26 1.2 Spread of the Carthusian Order 27 1.3 Carthusian Life Solitude 28 1.4 Layout of Carthusian Monasteries 29 1.5 The Carthusians in England 31 Chapter 2: History and Topography of Mount Grace Priory 52 2.1 History of the Charterhouse 52 2.2 The Estates, Demesnes and Site of Mount Grace Priory 57 2.3 Priory Community and the Local People 62 2.4 Suppression and Later History of Mount Grace 68 Chapter 3: The Site of Mount Grace Priory and its Archaeological History 72 3.1 Site of the Priory 72 3.2 Previous Archaeological Excavation at Mount Grace Priory 76 Chapter 4: The Archaeology of the Great Cloister 84 4.1 Note on Finds Numbering and Context Numbers 84 4.2 The Monks’ Cells 85 Chapter 5: The Archaeology ofthe Inner Court 190 5.1 The South-west Cloister Range 190 5.2 The Guest House and Kitchen Ranges 240 5.3 The Cells of the Lesser Cloister 269 5.4 The South Range of the Inner Court 275 Chapter 6: The Buildings and Infrastructure of Mount Grace Priory and their Development 280 6.1 The Development of the Priory Buildings 1398–1539 285 6.2 Water Supply and Drainage 318 6.3 The Development of the Guest-house Range 1540–1901 326 Chapter 7: The Cultural Collections 332 7.1 The Setting of the Site Evidenced by Insect Remains by Mark Dinnin 332 7.2 Pottery by Colin Hayfield 336 7.3 Coins and Jettons by Kevin Leahy 349 7.4 The Ceramic Floor Tiles by Laurence Keen 351 7.5 Fish Remains from the Kitchen and South-west Cloister Range 358 7.6 Small Finds by Laurence Keen 366 7.7 Architectural Detail by Jackie Hall and Glyn Coppack 374 7.8 Window Glass by Glyn Coppack 377 Chapter 8: The Significance of the Mount Grace Project 382 8.1 Mount Grace Priory and its Significance 382 8.2 Future Research 427 Bibliography 430 Index 438 Owned By The National Trust And Managed By English Heritage, Mount Grace Priory In North Yorkshire, Established In 1398 And Suppressed In 1539, Was One Of Only Nine Successful Carthusian Monasteries In England And One Of The Best-preserved Medieval Houses Of That Order In Europe. First Excavated By Sir William St John Hope In 1896-1900 And In State Guardianship Since 1955 It Is Acknowledged As A Type Site For Late-medieval Carthusian Monasteries.0the Modern Study Of Mount Grace Began In 1957 When Hope's Interpretation Of The Monks' Cells About The Great Cloister Was Found To Be Simplistic. This Was Followed Between 1968 And 1974 By The Excavation Of Individual Monks' Cells In The West Range Of The Great Cloister And Two Cells In The North Range, Together With Their Gardens, Areas Not Excavated By Hope. The Examination Of The Monks' Cells Was Completed In 1985 By The Excavation Of The Central Cell Of The North Cloister Range, Together With Its Garden And The Cloister Alley Outside The Cell. The Cultural Material Recovered From These Cells Indicated The 'trade' Each Monk Practiced, Predominantly The Copying And Binding Of Books. Because Each Cell Was Enclosed By High Walls, The Pottery And Metalwork Recovered Could Be Identified To An Individual Monk. Coupled With This Excavation Was A Reappraisal Of The Architectural Development Of The Monastery And Reconstruction Of Lost Structures Such As The Cloister Alley Walls And The Central Water Tower. By Glyn Coppack And Laurence Keen ; With Contributions By Colin Hayfield [and Six Others]. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Presents the results of large-scale excavation and recording of Mount Grace Priory, Yorkshire and reviews its significance as a later medieval charterhouse.