Motivation

Motivation addresses a central problem in psychology: Why does an animal's behavior fluctuate in the face of an unaltered environment? In a sense this is the opposite of the question from which work on motivation began, and for which Claude Bernard invented the concept of the fixity of the internal milieu: How does an animal maintain constancy in the face of a fluctuating environment? Dealing with motivation has become extremely complex as new experiments, phenomena, and theories have extended the concept. This book embodies some of the ways in which work on motivation is currently proceeding. One of the major changes has been the recognition that motivation cannot be explained without an understanding of the biological rhythms and activational systems that underlie behavior. Another is that ecological and evolutionary perspectives add enormously to answering the central problem of why an animal does what it does when it does. The book suffers from several omissions. There is no chapter on the devel­ opment of motivated behavior. There is none on reward systems in the brain, owing to the untimely death of James Olds, whose contribution would have enriched this book appreciably, and to whom we dedicate it. EVELYN SATINOFF PHILIP TEITELBAUM Vll Contents PART I UNDERLYING ACTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS CHAPTER 1 Motivation, Biological Clocks, and Temporal Organization of Behavior 3 Irving Zucker Reactivity to External Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Reactivity to Interoceptive Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Sources of Biological Rhythmicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Rhythm Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . Rhythm Synchronization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . Consequences of Rhythm Desynchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . Motivation addresses a central problem in psychology: Why does an animal's behavior fluctuate in the face of an unaltered environment? In a sense this is the opposite of the question from which work on motivation began, and for which Claude Bernard invented the concept of the fixity of the internal milieu: How does an animal maintain constancy in the face of a fluctuating environment? Dealing with motivation has become extremely complex as new experiments, phenomena, and theories have extended the concept. This book embodies some of the ways in which work on motivation is currently proceeding. One of the major changes has been the recognition that motivation cannot be explained without an understanding of the biological rhythms and activational systems that underlie behavior. Another is that ecological and evolutionary perspectives add enormously to answering the central problem of why an animal does what it does when it does. The book suffers from several omissions. There is no chapter on the develƯ opment of motivated behavior. There is none on reward systems in the brain, owing to the untimely death of James Olds, whose contribution would have enriched this book appreciably, and to whom we dedicate it. EVELYN SATINOFF PHILIP TEITELBAUM Vll Contents PART I UNDERLYING ACTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS CHAPTER 1 Motivation, Biological Clocks, and Temporal Organization of Behavior 3 Irving Zucker Reactivity to External Stimuli ... ... ... ... ... . . 6 Reactivity to Interoceptive Stimuli ... ... ... ... ... . 7 Sources of Biological Rhythmicity ... ... ... ... ... . 9 Rhythm Generation. ... ... ... ... ... 9 ... ... Rhythm Synchronization. ... ... ... ... 10 ... ... Consequences of Rhythm Desynchronization ... ... . . 11 ... Front Matter....Pages i-xvi Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Motivation, Biological Clocks, and Temporal Organization of Behavior....Pages 3-21 Sources of Spontaneity in Motivated Behavior....Pages 23-65 The Role of the Cerebral Cortex and Ascending Activating Systems in the Control of Behavior....Pages 67-104 Sleep States....Pages 105-181 Front Matter....Pages 183-183 Ethological Models of Hierarchy and Patterning of Species-Specific Behavior....Pages 185-234 Prey Selection by Frogs and Toads....Pages 235-261 Front Matter....Pages 263-263 The Trigeminal System and Ingestive Behavior....Pages 265-327 Brain Neurochemistry and the Control of Food Intake....Pages 329-366 The Neuropsychology of Drinking Behavior....Pages 367-423 Front Matter....Pages 425-425 An Ecological Perspective of Reinforcement and Motivation....Pages 427-441 A Reevaluation of the Concept of the Homeostatic Organization of Temperature Regulation....Pages 443-472 Front Matter....Pages 473-473 The Origin of Sexual Behavior....Pages 475-509 The Motivation of Aggression....Pages 511-541 Social Separation in Monkeys as Viewed from Several Motivational Perspectives....Pages 543-583 Back Matter....Pages 585-592