Morphologie/Morphology: Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Flexion Und Wortbildung/ an International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation (Handbucher ... and Communication Science, Band 17.1)

Inhalt / Contents Vorwort 1. Einleitende Bemerkungen 2. Ziele und Grundsätze 2.1. Das Sprachsystem ist auf den niedrigeren Ebenen rigider strukturiert als auf den 2.2. Der Überblick über die morphologische Theorie ist nicht nach Denkschulen son-dern 2.3. Eines der Hauptziele des Handbuches ist es, die Kluft zwischen den unterschied-lichen 2.4. Nicht zuletzt wegen der Vielfalt der theoretischen Ansätze in der Linguistik ist die 2.5. Die Herausgeber sind der Auffassung, daß theoretische Betrachtungen stets durch 3. Aufbau des Handbuchs 3.1. Grundlagen 3.2. Begriffe und Methoden der morphologischen Analyse 3.3. Sprachvergleich und Sprachgeschichte 3.4. Praktische und interdisziplinäre Aspekte 4. Abschließende Bemerkungen Preface 1. Introductory 2. Aims and principles 2.1. The linguistic system is more tightly structured by formal rules at the lower than 2.2. The survey of morphological theory is not arranged by schools of thought but by 2.3. One of the major objectives of the handbook is to help bridge the gulf between 2.4. The diversity of theoretical approaches in linguistics is one of the reasons why 2.5. In the editors’ opinion, it is essential to supplement theoretical considerations by 3. Structure of the handbook 3.1. Fundamentals 3.2. Concepts and methods of morphological analysis 3.3. Comparative linguistics and history of language 3.4. Practical and interdisciplinary aspects 4. Concluding remarks I. Morphologie als Disziplin Morphology as a discipline 1. Der Gegenstand der Morphologie 1. Allgemeine Morphologie 2. Morphologie in der Linguistik 3. Morphologische Form 4. Zitierte Literatur 2. The term morphology 1. Introduction 2. Morphology in German biology 3. Morphology in French biology 4. Early use of the term morphology 6. Conclusion 7. References 3. Die Stellung der Morphologie im Sprachsystem 1. Ausgangsvorstellungen 2. Die Morphologie als Teil 3. Die Morphologie als 4. Die innere Struktur der 5. Zitierte Literatur II. Geschichte der morphologischen Forschung I: von der Antike bis zum 19. Jahrhundert History of morphological research I: From antiquity to the 19th century 4. The Ancient Near East 1. Background 2. Genres of texts 3. Areas of morphology considered 4. Parts of speech 5. Theoretical concepts 6. Technical terminology 7. Reflection of pedagogical aims in 8. Influence from the structures of the 9. Ancient Egypt 10. References 5. Old Indic grammar 1. Introduction 2. General principles 3. Background 4. Pa¯nøini 5. Other grammarians 6. Influence of Indian grammarians 7. References 6. Classical Antiquity 1. Introduction 2. Classical Antiquity: Greece 3. The Byzantine age (330 4. The Latin world 5. Conclusion 6. References 7. Traditional Arabic grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Arabic system of 3. Upper and lower levels of analysis: 4. Relations between morphology 5. Minimal morphological units 6. Historical and cultural perspectives 7. References 8. The Middle Ages 1. Language study in the Middle Ages 2. Analytical concepts and 3. Word classes and their properties 4. Morphology in medieval European 5. References 9. Von der Renaissance bis ca. 1800 9. From the Renaissance to ca. 1800 10. Das 19. Jahrhundert 1. Einleitung 2. Voraussetzungen: Erfassung 18. und 19. Jh. 3. Sprachwissenschaftliche 19. Jhs. 4. Die Ausbreitung und 5. Morphologische Forschungen im 19. Jh. 6. Zitierte Literatur III. Geschichte der morphologischen Forschung II: Forschungstraditionen im 20. Jahrhundert History of morphological research II: Research traditions in the 20th century 11. Schulgrammatik als Modell linguistischer Beschreibung 1. Allgemeines 2. Wechselwirkung 3. Tendenzen der deutschen 4. Ludwig Sütterlin 5. Hans Glinz 6. Fazit 7. Zitierte Literatur 12. Historical-comparative grammar 1. Introduction 2. Reconstruction 3. Doublets of two kinds 4. Methodological innovations: 5. Substantive work 6. Strictures 7. Heritage 8. Structuralism, Generative 9. References 13. Überblick: die europäische Tradition 13. Survey: the European tradition 14. Osteuropa 1. Einleitung 2. Rußland und Sowjetunion 3. Prager Schule 4. Polen 5. Weiterführende Literaturhinweise 6. Zitierte Literatur 15. France and Switzerland 1. Introduction 2. Historical morphology of 3. Structuralist morphosyntax 4. Transformationalist attempts 5. Contemporary work 6. References 16. Scandinavia 1. Introduction 2. Denmark 3. Norway 4. Sweden 5. References 17. Britain 1. Early linguistics in Britain 2. The London School 3. Conclusion 4. References 18. Germany 1. The 19th century 2. Jacob Grimm 3. The Junggrammatiker 4. The 20th century 5. Generative approaches 6. References 19. The Netherlands 1. From 1890 to the First World War 2. The years until 1945 3. Structuralist approaches 4. Generative approaches 5. Functionalist approaches 6. Surveys of the work 7. References 20. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Early American Structuralism 3. Segmentation criteria 4. Distributionalism 5. Morphophonemic alternation 6. Generative morphology 7. References 21. Tagmemics 1. Introduction 2. Definition 3. History 4. The morphophoneme 5. Morphology 6. Morpheme formatives 7. Bibliographical comments 8. References 22. Generative grammar 1. The transformational period 2. Other early work 3. The lexicalist hypothesis 4. Early lexicalist morphology 5. Word formation 6. Lexical integrity 7. Inflection 8. Item and arrangement morphology 9. Montague 10. Affix ordering 11. Morphosyntax 12. Nonlinear mophology 13. Morphology across disciplines 14. References IV. Grundbegriffe Basic concepts 23. Linguistic sign 1. Terminological introduction 2. Sign models 3. Types of signs 4. A characterization of linguistic signs 5. The linguistic sign 6. Morphology and the linguistic sign 7. References 24. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations 1. Introduction 2. Linguistic relatedness 3. Syntagmatics versus paradigmatics 4. Paradigmatics / syntagmatics and 5. Paradigmatic forces in morphology 6. Concluding remarks 7. References 25. Variation und Invarianz 1. Einleitung 2. Die Varianten 3. Die Invariante 4. Konditionierung 5. Funktion der Variation im 6. Variation zwischen Sprachsystemen 7. Zitierte Literatur 26. Word 1. Introduction 2. Some fundamental distinctions 3. The word in semantics and 4. Defining the word-form 5. The psychological word 6. The word cross-linguistically 7. Conclusion 8. References 27. Lexical and grammatical meaning 1. Introduction 2. Formal correlates of the lexical-grammatical 3. Semantic structures distinguishing 4. A general survey 5. Grammaticalization and the lexical-grammatical 6. References 28. Category and feature 1. Categories in morphology 2. Syntactic categories in morphology 3. Categories in word formation 4. Morphosyntactic categories and 5. Motivation for binary approaches 6. Markedness 7. Underspecification and redundancy 8. References 29. Markedness 1. Introduction 2. Markedness in phonology 3. Markedness in morphology 4. Markedness 5. Controversies about markedness 6. Range of application of markedness 7. References 30. Iconicity 1. Introduction 2. Morphological bulk 3. Incorporation 4. Productive contrasts 5. Statistical universals 6. Markedness and essence 7. References 31. Naturalness 1. Introduction 2. Development 3. Universal, system-independent 4. Typological adequacy 5. System-dependent naturalness 6. References 32. Regularity 1. The notion of regularity 2. Regularity 3. Regularity and productivity 4. Regularity and frequency 5. Regularity as a scalar phenomenon 6. Regularity and diachrony 7. References 33. Productivity 1. Meaning and usage 2. Productivity in relation to 3. Productivity as a property 4. The functions of productive 5. Morphological productivity as a 6. The actuation of morphological 7. Concluding remarks 8. References V. Die Rolle der Morphologie in Grammatik und Lexikon The role of morphology in grammar and lexicon 34. Morphology and syntax 1. Morphology-syntax interactions 2. Syntax and internal word structure 3. Theoretical approaches 4. Morphology as a module or a 5. Conclusions 6. References 35. Morphology and phonology 1. The relations between 2. The morpheme 3. Allomorphy 4. The place of morphonology 5. Morphological structure and the 6. Phonological conditioning of 7. References 36. Morphology between lexicon and grammar 1. Grammar versus the lexicon 2. Lexicalist conceptions of the lexicon 3. Where’s morphology? 4. Blocking 5. Conclusion 6. References 37. Derivation and compounding 1. Introduction 2. Criteria 3. Classes of problem cases 4. References 38. Inflection and derivation 1. Differences between 2. Split morphology? 3. References VI. Einheiten der morphologischen Struktur Units of morphological structure 39. Lexical, morphological and syntactic symbolization 1. Introduction 2. Symbolization types 3. Reduction in phonetic content 4. Fusion 5. Grammatical factors 6. Semantic factors 7. Meanings possible for each type of 8. References 40. Word boundaries 1. Introduction 2. Semantic criteria 3. Distributional criteria 4. Phonological criteria 5. Word boundaries 6. Concluding remarks 7. References 41. Clitics 1. Introduction 2. Identifying clitics 3. Clitic types 4. Special properties of clitics 5. Clitic semantics 6. Diachrony and clitics 7. References 42. Internal structure of words 1. Introduction 2. Segmentation of words into 3. Linear order 4. Hierarchical structure 5. Morphological and prosodic 6. References 43. Submorphemische Einheiten 1. Motive für die Annahme 2. Aus der Forschungsgeschichte 3. Methodische Fragen 4. Zur Typologie 5. Zur Diskussion um 6. Zitierte Literatur 44. Phonotactic properties of morphological units 1. Introduction 2. Phonotactic constraints and their 3. Phonotactic constraints: 4. Morphologically relevant 5. The interplay between phonology 6. References 45. Nullelemente in der Morphologie 1. Zur Motivation von Nullelementen 2. Abgrenzungen 3. Aus der Wissenschaftsgeschichte 4. Nullallomorphe und Nullmorpheme 5. Nullableitung 6. Leere Morphe 7. Zitierte Literatur VII. Allomorphie Allomorphy 46. Morphem, Morph und Allomorph 1. Einleitung 2. Terminologie und Begriffsgeschichte 3. Komponenten der 4. Minimalität 5. Semantische Wertigkeit 6. Substantialität 7. Rekurrenz 8. Unähnlichkeit 9. Zitierte Literatur 47. Phonologische Konditionierung 1. Formale und distributionelle 2. Primäre und sekundäre 3. Phonologische Prozesse 4. Phonologisch konditionierte 5. Interaktion verschiedener Arten 6. Theoretische Perspektiven 7. Zitierte Literatur 48. Morphologische und syntaktische Konditionierung 1. Typen morphologischer 2. Typen lexikalischer 3. Typen grammatischer 4. Beschränkungen für 5. Phonologische vs. morphologische 6. Komplex konditionierte Morpheme: 7. Syntaktische Konditionierung 8. Zitierte Literatur 49. Fluctuation and free variation 1. Definition of free variation 2. Free variation 3. Definition of fluctuation 4. Examples of fluctuation 5. Fluctuation as an indicator of 6. References 50. Generalized representations 1. Introduction 2. Morphophoneme 3. Archiphoneme 4. Prosody and phonematic unit 5. Archi-segment 6. References 51. Underlying forms 1. Introduction 2. Representations and rules in 3. Reasons for underlying 4. Rule interaction and rule generality 5. Abstractness 6. Phonological irreversibility 7. Domains 8. A historical perspective 9. References 52. Suppletion 1. Introductory remarks 2. The notion of suppletion 3. Typology of suppletion 4. Theoretical aspects 5. Diachronic change 6. Pseudo-suppletion 7. References VIII. Formale Prozesse Formal processes 53. Morphological processes 1. Introductory remarks 2. The notion of morphological 3. Typology of morphological 4. Zero processes 5. Problems of delimitation 6. Non-uniqueness of solutions 7. References 54. Prefixation, suffixation and circumfixation 1. Terminology 2. Formal properties 3. Common functions 4. Distribution of affix position 5. Theoretical issues 6. References 55. Infixation 1. Definition and terminology 2. Formal properties 3. Meanings 4. Distribution 5. Why does infixation exist? 6. References 56. Transfixation 1. Definition and overview 2. Segmental transfixation 3. Shape-defining morphology 4. References 57. Reduplication 1. Definition 2. Formal characteristics and subtypes 3. Typical meanings and functions 4. Cross-linguistic distribution 5. Theoretical problems 6. References 58. Substitution of segments and features 1. Definition and terminology 2. Characteristic formal properties 3. Typical meanings and functions 4. Theoretical issues 5. References 59. Metathesis 1. Types of metathesis 2. Morphological metathesis 3. Diachronic origins 4. Theoretical problems 5. References 60. Subtraction 1. Introduction 2. Terminology 3. The Notion of subtraction 4. Characteristic formal properties 5. Typical meanings 6. Cross-linguistic distribution 7. Theoretical problems 8. References 61. Suprasegmental processes 1. Introduction 2. The study of tonal morphology 3. Word-level tonal morphology 4. Phrasal tonal morphology 5. References IX. Flexion Inflection 62. Lexeme, word-form, paradigm 1. The scope of inflection 2. Definitions: word-form, 3. Paradigm 4. The external delimitation of 5. The internal structure of paradigms 6. Stems 7. References 63. Meaning vs. use in inflection 1. Approaches to grammatical 2. General meaning 3. Basic meaning 4. Uses of inflectional forms 5. System and environment 6. References 64. Exponence 1. Introduction 2. Types of exponence in morphology 3. Zero in exponence 4. Constraints on patterns of 5. Exponence 6. References 65. Inflection classes 1. Inflection classes and paradigms 2. Traditional styles 3. Inflectional subclasses 4. Factors which may determine 5. Constraints 6. Principal parts and reference forms 7. Origin and development of 8. References 66. Synkretismus 1. Definition und Abgrenzung 2. Formaler und funktionaler 3. Funktionaler Synkretismus 4. Synkretismus und Typen 5. Zitierte Literatur 67. Defectivity 1. The notion defectivity 2. Types of inflectional defectivity 3. Frequency profiles of paradigms 4. Concluding remarks 5. References 68. Periphrasis 1. Defining periphrasis 2. Suppletive periphrasis I: 3. Suppletive periphrasis II: 4. Categorial periphrasis 5. Periphrasis in inflection, derivation, 6. Periphrasis forms 7. Conclusion 8. References X. Wortarten Word classes 69. Wortart, syntaktische Funktion, syntaktische Kategorie 1. Zur Rolle von Wörtern im Satz 2. Syntaktische Funktionen 3. Syntaktische Kategorien 4. Zitierte Literatur 70. Kriterien für die Definition von Wortarten 1. Terminologische Vorbemerkung 2. Die traditionelle Praxis der 3. Kritik am synkretistischen 4. Kriterienreine Wortartensysteme 5. Kriterien hierarchisierende 6. Wortartensysteme 7. Die X-Bar-Theorie: 8. Theoretische Probleme 9. Zentrum und Peripherie: 10. Semantische Theorien 11. Wortarten und Valenz 12. Offene Fragen und 13. Zitierte Literatur 71. Wortartensysteme in der Linguistik 1. Zum Begriff der Wortarten 2. Entwicklung des traditionellen 3. Tradierung der griechisch-römischen 4. Wortartensysteme in der 5. Auseinandersetzung mit dem 6. Übertragung des traditionellen 7. Traditionelle Wortartensysteme in 8. Zitierte Literatur 72. Word classes in the world’s languages 1. Cross-linguistic identification of 2. Individual word classes 3. Languages with no morphologically 4. Is the noun-verb distinction 5. Explaining word class systems 6. Word class systems in typological 7. Uncommon abbreviations 8. References 2. The concept ‘noun’ 3. Semantic properties 4. Nominal categories 5. Major subclasses 6. Morphological structure 7. Syntactic functions 8. Linguistic evolution 9. References 74. Adjective 1. Introduction 2. Morphological categories 3. Derivational processes 4. Syntactic functions 5. Semantic properties 6. References 75. Numeral 1. The numeral as a part of speech 2. Kinds of numeral discourse 3. The unmarked status of cardinal 4. The mathematical structure of 5. The expression of mathematical 6. Extensions 7. Cardinal numerals 8. Non-cardinal series of numerals 9. References 76. Pronoun and article 1. Introduction 2. Pronouns and articles as 3. Pronouns 4. Articles 5. Parallels and correlations 6. References 77. Verb 1. Introduction 2. The lexical composition of verbs 3. Lexical classes that are 4. Morphology 5. The formation of verbs 6. Inflectional morphology 7. Implicational universals 8. Grammaticized verbs 9. Uncommon Abbreviations 10. References 78. Auxiliary 1. Auxiliaries as a morphological class 2. Paradigmatic vs. 3. Auxiliaries and verbhood 4. References 79. Minor word classes 1. Introduction 2. Adpositions 3. Conjunctions 4. Particles 5. Adverbs 6. Uncommon abbreviations 7. References XI. Wortbildung I: Grundprobleme Word formation I: Fundamental problems 80. System vs. norm: coinage and institutionalization 1. The need for new words 2. Ways of making new words 3. Word-formation: process or state, 4. Actual and possible words 5. System and norm and gaps 6. Restrictions on new words and 7. Coining new words: terminology 8. Conscious and unconscious coining 9. Institutionalization 10. Institutionalization and 11. Conclusion 12. References 81. Correspondence between formal and semantic relations 1. Asymmetries between 2. Polyfunctionality 3. Polysemy 4. Synonymy 5. Polyfunctionality: 6. References 82. Compositionality of meaning 1. The compositionality principle 2. Deviations from compositionality 3. Conclusions 4. References 83. Inheritance 1. Inheritance phenomena 2. Inheritance and percolation 3. Inheritance of syntactic valency 4. The optionality 5. Restrictions on inheritance 6. References 84. Base and direction of derivation 1. Base and direction of derivation 2. Theoretical background 3. The principle of directionality 4. Bases and morphological units 5. Order of affixation 6. Towards a solution 7. Derivational direction without 8. Base as basic member of a 9. Problematic phenomena 10. Allomorphy and suppletion 11. References 85. Produktivitätsbeschränkungen 1. Vorbemerkungen 2. Übereinzelsprachliche Aspekte 3. Einzelsprachliche regelübergreifende 4. Regelspezifische Aspekte 5. Zitierte Literatur XII. Wortbildung II: Prozesse Word formation II: Processes 86. Die Klassifikation von Wortbildungsprozessen 1. Zum Begriff Wortbildung 2. Klassifikationsprinzipien 3. Kombination von Stämmen 4. Affigierung 5. Substitution 6. Subtraktion 7. Konversion 8. Spezifik nichtnativer Einheiten 9. Zitierte Literatur 87. Composition 1. Definition of composition 2. Theoretical treatments of 3. Role of composition in different 4. References 88. Incorporation 1. Characteristics of noun 2. Delimitation of the construction 3. Some theoretical issues 4. Diachrony 5. Areal extent 6. Uncommon abbreviations 7. References 89. Derivation 1. General considerations and 2. Formal classification 3. Historical considerations 4. Semantic and syntactic 5. Typological considerations 6. References 90. Conversion and category indeterminacy 1. Introduction 2. Terminology 3. Arguments for conversion 4. Patterns of conversion in English 5. Other Indo-European and 6. References 91. Blending 1. Definition, Delimitation, Synonyms 2. Properties and subclassifications 3. Role of blending 92. Clipping and acronymy 1. Definitions 4. References 2. Research on word shortening 3. References 93. Creative Processes 1. Introduction 2. Whole-word constructions 3. Affixed constructions 4. Reduplicative constructions 5. Conclusion 6. References Inhalt / Contents Vorwort 1. Einleitende Bemerkungen 2. Ziele und Grundsätze 2.1. Das Sprachsystem ist auf den niedrigeren Ebenen rigider strukturiert als auf den 2.2. Der Überblick über die morphologische Theorie ist nicht nach Denkschulen son-dern 2.3. Eines der Hauptziele des Handbuches ist es, die Kluft zwischen den unterschied-lichen 2.4. Nicht zuletzt wegen der Vielfalt der theoretischen Ansätze in der Linguistik ist die 2.5. Die Herausgeber sind der Auffassung, daß theoretische Betrachtungen stets durch 3. Aufbau des Handbuchs 3.1. Grundlagen 3.2. Begriffe und Methoden der morphologischen Analyse 3.3. Sprachvergleich und Sprachgeschichte 3.4. Praktische und interdisziplinäre Aspekte 4. Abschließende Bemerkungen Preface 1. Introductory 2. Aims and principles 2.1. The linguistic system is more tightly structured by formal rules at the lower than 2.2. The survey of morphological theory is not arranged by schools of thought but by 2.3. One of the major objectives of the handbook is to help bridge the gulf between 2.4. The diversity of theoretical approaches in linguistics is one of the reasons why 2.5. In the editors’ opinion, it is essential to supplement theoretical considerations by 3. Structure of the handbook 3.1. Fundamentals 3.2. Concepts and methods of morphological analysis 3.3. Comparative linguistics and history of language 3.4. Practical and interdisciplinary aspects 4. Concluding remarks I. Morphologie als Disziplin Morphology as a discipline 1. Der Gegenstand der Morphologie 1. Allgemeine Morphologie 2. Morphologie in der Linguistik 3. Morphologische Form 4. Zitierte Literatur 2. The term morphology 1. Introduction 2. Morphology in German biology 3. Morphology in French biology 4. Early use of the term morphology 6. Conclusion 7. References 3. Die Stellung der Morphologie im Sprachsystem 1. Ausgangsvorstellungen 2. Die Morphologie als Teil 3. Die Morphologie als 4. Die innere Struktur der 5. Zitierte Literatur II. Geschichte der morphologischen Forschung I: von der Antike bis zum 19. Jahrhundert History of morphological research I: From antiquity to the 19th century 4. The Ancient Near East 1. Background 2. Genres of texts 3. Areas of morphology considered 4. Parts of speech 5. Theoretical concepts 6. Technical terminology 7. Reflection of pedagogical aims in 8. Influence from the structures of the 9. Ancient Egypt 10. References 5. Old Indic grammar 1. Introduction 2. General principles 3. Background 4. Pa ̄nøini 5. Other grammarians 6. Influence of Indian grammarians 7. References 6. Classical Antiquity 1. Introduction 2. Classical Antiquity: Greece 3. The Byzantine age (330 4. The Latin world 5. Conclusion 6. References 7. Traditional Arabic grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Arabic system of 3. Upper and lower levels of analysis: 4. Relations between morphology 5. Minimal morphological units 6. Historical and cultural perspectives 7. References 8. The Middle Ages 1. Language study in the Middle Ages 2. Analytical concepts and 3. Word classes and their properties 4. Morphology in medieval European 5. References 9. Von der Renaissance bis ca. 1800 9. From the Renaissance to ca. 1800 10. Das 19. Jahrhundert 1. Einleitung 2. Voraussetzungen: Erfassung 18. und 19. Jh. 3. Sprachwissenschaftliche 19. Jhs. 4. Die Ausbreitung und 5. Morphologische Forschungen im 19. Jh. 6. Zitierte Literatur III. Geschichte der morphologischen Forschung II: Forschungstraditionen im 20. Jahrhundert History of morphological research II: Research traditions in the 20th century 11. Schulgrammatik als Modell linguistischer Beschreibung 1. Allgemeines 2. Wechselwirkung 3. Tendenzen der deutschen 4. Ludwig Sütterlin 5. Hans Glinz 6. Fazit 7. Zitierte Literatur 12. Historical-comparative grammar 1. Introduction 2. Reconstruction 3. Doublets of two kinds 4. Methodological innovations: 5. Substantive work 6. Strictures 7. Heritage 8. Structuralism, Generative 9. References 13. Überblick: die europäische Tradition 13. Survey: the European tradition 14. Osteuropa 1. Einleitung 2. Rußland und Sowjetunion 3. Prager Schule 4. Polen 5. Weiterführende Literaturhinweise 6. Zitierte Literatur 15. France and Switzerland 1. Introduction 2. Historical morphology of 3. Structuralist morphosyntax 4. Transformationalist attempts 5. Contemporary work 6. References 16. Scandinavia 1. Introduction 2. Denmark 3. Norway 4. Sweden 5. References 17. Britain 1. Early linguistics in Britain 2. The London School 3. Conclusion 4. References 18. Germany 1. The 19th century 2. Jacob Grimm 3. The Junggrammatiker 4. The 20th century 5. Generative approaches 6. References 19. The Netherlands 1. From 1890 to the First World War 2. The years until 1945 3. Structuralist approaches 4. Generative approaches 5. Functionalist approaches 6. Surveys of the work 7. References 20. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Early American Structuralism 3. Segmentation criteria 4. Distributionalism 5. Morphophonemic alternation 6. Generative morphology 7. References 21. Tagmemics 1. Introduction 2. Definition 3. History 4. The morphophoneme 5. Morphology 6. Morpheme formatives 7. Bibliographical comments 8. References 22. Generative grammar 1. The transformational period 2. Other early work 3. The lexicalist hypothesis 4. Early lexicalist morphology 5. Word formation 6. Lexical integrity 7. Inflection 8. Item and arrangement morphology 9. Montague 10. Affix ordering 11. Morphosyntax 12. Nonlinear mophology 13. Morphology across disciplines 14. References IV. Grundbegriffe Basic concepts 23. Linguistic sign 1. Terminological introduction 2. Sign models 3. Types of signs 4. A characterization of linguistic signs 5. The linguistic sign 6. Morphology and the linguistic sign 7. References 24. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations 1. Introduction 2. Linguistic relatedness 3. Syntagmatics versus paradigmatics 4. Paradigmatics / syntagmatics and 5. Paradigmatic forces in morphology 6. Concluding remarks 7. References 25. Variation und Invarianz 1. Einleitung 2. Die Varianten 3. Die Invariante 4. Konditionierung 5. Funktion der Variation im 6. Variation zwischen Sprachsystemen 7. Zitierte Literatur 26. Word 1. Introduction 2. Some fundamental distinctions 3. The word in semantics and 4. Defining the word-form 5. The psychological word 6. The word cross-linguistically 7. Conclusion 8. References 27. Lexical and grammatical meaning 1. Introduction 2. Formal correlates of the lexical-grammatical 3. Semantic structures distinguishing 4. A general survey 5. Grammaticalization and the lexical-grammatical 6. References 28. Category and feature 1. Categories in morphology 2. Syntactic categories in morphology 3. Categories in word formation 4. Morphosyntactic categories and 5. Motivation for binary approaches 6. Markedness 7. Underspecification and redundancy 8. References 29. Markedness 1. Introduction 2. Markedness in phonology 3. Markedness in morphology 4. Markedness 5. Controversies about markedness 6. Range of application of markedness 7. References 30. Iconicity 1. Introduction 2. Morphological bulk 3. Incorporation 4. Productive contrasts 5. Statistical universals 6. Markedness and essence 7. References 31. Naturalness 1. Introduction 2. Development 3. Universal, system-independent 4. Typological adequacy 5. System-dependent naturalness 6. References 32. Regularity 1. The notion of regularity 2. Regularity 3. Regularity and productivity 4. Regularity and frequency 5. Regularity as a scalar phenomenon 6. Regularity and diachrony 7. References 33. Productivity 1. Meaning and usage 2. Productivity in relation to 3. Productivity as a property 4. The functions of productive 5. Morphological productivity as a 6. The actuation of morphological 7. Concluding remarks 8. References V. Die Rolle der Morphologie in Grammatik und Lexikon The role of morphology in grammar and lexicon 34. Morphology and syntax 1. Morphology-syntax interactions 2. Syntax and internal word structure 3. Theoretical approaches 4. Morphology as a module or a 5. Conclusions 6. References 35. Morphology and phonology 1. The relations between 2. The morpheme 3. Allomorphy 4. The place of morphonology 5. Morphological structure and the 6. Phonological conditioning of 7. References 36. Morphology between lexicon and grammar 1. Grammar versus the lexicon 2. Lexicalist conceptions of the lexicon 3. Where’s morphology? 4. Blocking 5. Conclusion 6. References 37. Derivation and compounding 1. Introduction 2. Criteria 3. Classes of problem cases 4. References 38. Inflection and derivation 1. Differences between 2. Split morphology? 3. References VI. Einheiten der morphologischen Struktur Units of morphological structure 39. Lexical, morphological and syntactic symbolization 1. Introduction 2. Symbolization types 3. Reduction in phonetic content 4. Fusion 5. Grammatical factors 6. Semantic factors 7. Meanings possible for each type of 8. References 40. Word boundaries 1. Introduction 2. Semantic criteria 3. Distributional criteria 4. Phonological criteria 5. Word boundaries 6. Concluding remarks 7. References 41. Clitics 1. Introduction 2. Identifying clitics 3. Clitic types 4. Special properties of clitics 5. Clitic semantics 6. Diachrony and clitics 7. References 42. Internal structure of words 1. Introduction 2. Segmentation of words into 3. Linear order 4. Hierarchical structure 5. Morphological and prosodic 6. References 43. Submorphemische Einheiten 1. Motive für die Annahme 2. Aus der Forschungsgeschichte 3. Methodische Fragen 4. Zur Typologie 5. Zur Diskussion um 6. Zitierte Literatur 44. Phonotactic properties of morphological units 1. Introduction 2. Phonotactic constraints and their 3. Phonotactic constraints: 4. Morphologically relevant 5. The interplay between phonology 6. References 45. Nullelemente in der Morphologie 1. Zur Motivation von Nullelementen 2. Abgrenzungen 3. Aus der Wissenschaftsgeschichte 4. Nullallomorphe und Nullmorpheme 5. Nullableitung 6. Leere Morphe 7. Zitierte Literatur VII. Allomorphie Allomorphy 46. Morphem, Morph und Allomorph 1. Einleitung 2. Terminologie und Begriffsgeschichte 3. Komponenten der 4. Minimalität 5. Semantische Wertigkeit 6. Substantialität 7. Rekurrenz 8. Unähnlichkeit 9. Zitierte Literatur 47. Phonologische Konditionierung 1. Formale und distributionelle 2. Primäre und sekundäre 3. Phonologische Prozesse 4. Phonologisch konditionierte 5. Interaktion verschiedener Arten 6. Theoretische Perspektiven 7. Zitierte Literatur 48. Morphologische und syntaktische Konditionierung 1. Typen morphologischer 2. Typen lexikalischer 3. Typen grammatischer 4. Beschränkungen für 5. Phonologische vs. morphologische 6. Komplex konditionierte Morpheme: 7. Syntaktische Konditionierung 8. Zitierte Literatur 49. Fluctuation and free variation 1. Definition of free variation 2. Free variation 3. Definition of fluctuation 4. Examples of fluctuation 5. Fluctuation as an indicator of 6. References 50. Generalized representations 1. Introduction 2. Morphophoneme 3. Archiphoneme 4. Prosody and phonematic unit 5. Archi-segment 6. References 51. Underlying forms 1. Introduction 2. Representations and rules in 3. Reasons for underlying 4. Rule interaction and rule generality 5. Abstractness 6. Phonological irreversibility 7. Domains 8. A historical perspective 9. References 52. Suppletion 1. Introductory remarks 2. The notion of suppletion 3. Typology of suppletion 4. Theoretical aspects 5. Diachronic change 6. Pseudo-suppletion 7. References VIII. Formale Prozesse Formal processes 53. Morphological processes 1. Introductory remarks 2. The notion of morphological 3. Typology of morphological 4. Zero processes 5. Problems of delimitation 6. Non-uniqueness of solutions 7. References 54. Prefixation, suffixation and circumfixation 1. Terminology 2. Formal properties 3. Common functions 4. Distribution of affix position 5. Theoretical issues 6. References 55. Infixation 1. Definition and terminology 2. Formal properties 3. Meanings 4. Distribution 5. Why does infixation exist? 6. References 56. Transfixation 1. Definition and overview 2. Segmental transfixation 3. Shape-defining morphology 4. References 57. Reduplication 1. Definition 2. Formal characteristics and subtypes 3. Typical meanings and functions 4. Cross-linguistic distribution 5. Theoretical problems 6. References 58. Substitution of segments and features 1. Definition and terminology 2. Characteristic formal properties 3. Typical meanings and functions 4. Theoretical issues 5. References 59. Metathesis 1. Types of metathesis 2. Morphological metathesis 3. Diachronic origins 4. Theoretical problems 5. References 60. Subtraction 1. Introduction 2. Terminology 3. The Notion of subtraction 4. Characteristic formal properties 5. Typical meanings 6. Cross-linguistic distribution 7. Theoretical problems 8. References 61. Suprasegmental processes 1. Introduction 2. The study of tonal morphology 3. Word-level tonal morphology 4. Phrasal tonal morphology 5. References IX. Flexion Inflection 62. Lexeme, word-form, paradigm 1. The scope of inflection 2. Definitions: word-form, 3. Paradigm 4. The external delimitation of 5. The internal structure of paradigms 6. Stems 7. References 63. Meaning vs. use in inflection 1. Approaches to grammatical 2. General meaning 3. Basic meaning 4. Uses of inflectional forms 5. System and environment 6. References 64. Exponence 1. Introduction 2. Types of exponence in morphology 3. Zero in exponence 4. Constraints on patterns of 5. Exponence 6. References 65. Inflection classes 1. Inflection classes and paradigms 2. Traditional styles 3. Inflectional subclasses 4. Factors which may determine 5. Constraints 6. Principal parts and reference forms 7. Origin and development of 8. References 66. Synkretismus 1. Definition und Abgrenzung 2. Formaler und funktionaler 3. Funktionaler Synkretismus 4. Synkretismus und Typen 5. Zitierte Literatur 67. Defectivity 1. The notion defectivity 2. Types of inflectional defectivity 3. Frequency profiles of paradigms 4. Concluding remarks 5. References 68. Periphrasis 1. Defining periphrasis 2. Suppletive periphrasis I: 3. Suppletive periphrasis II: 4. Categorial periphrasis 5. Periphrasis in inflection, derivation, 6. Periphrasis forms 7. Conclusion 8. References X. Wortarten Word classes 69. Wortart, syntaktische Funktion, syntaktische Kategorie 1. Zur Rolle von Wörtern im Satz 2. Syntaktische Funktionen 3. Syntaktische Kategorien 4. Zitierte Literatur 70. Kriterien für die Definition von Wortarten 1. Terminologische Vorbemerkung 2. Die traditionelle Praxis der 3. Kritik am synkretistischen 4. Kriterienreine Wortartensysteme 5. Kriterien hierarchisierende 6. Wortartensysteme 7. Die X-Bar-Theorie: 8. Theoretische Probleme 9. Zentrum und Peripherie: 10. Semantische Theorien 11. Wortarten und Valenz 12. Offene Fragen und 13. Zitierte Literatur 71. Wortartensysteme in der Linguistik 1. Zum Begriff der Wortarten 2. Entwicklung des traditionellen 3. Tradierung der griechisch-römischen 4. Wortartensysteme in der 5. Auseinandersetzung mit dem 6. Übertragung des traditionellen 7. Traditionelle Wortartensysteme in 8. Zitierte Literatur 72. Word classes in the world’s languages 1. Cross-linguistic identification of 2. Individual word classes 3. Languages with no morphologically 4. Is the noun-verb distinction 5. Explaining word class systems 6. Word class systems in typological 7. Uncommon abbreviations 8. References 2. The concept ‘noun’ 3. Semantic properties 4. Nominal categories 5. Major subclasses 6. Morphological structure 7. Syntactic functions 8. Linguistic evolution 9. References 74. Adjective 1. Introduction 2. Morphological categories 3. Derivational processes 4. Syntactic functions 5. Semantic properties 6. References 75. Numeral 1. The numeral as a part of speech 2. Kinds of numeral discourse 3. The unmarked status of cardinal 4. The mathematical structure of 5. The expression of mathematical 6. Extensions 7. Cardinal numerals 8. Non-cardinal series of numerals 9. References 76. Pronoun and article 1. Introduction 2. Pronouns and articles as 3. Pronouns 4. Articles 5. Parallels and correlations 6. References 77. Verb 1. Introduction 2. The lexical composition of verbs 3. Lexical classes that are 4. Morphology 5. The formation of verbs 6. Inflectional morphology 7. Implicational universals 8. Grammaticized verbs 9. Uncommon Abbreviations 10. References 78. Auxiliary 1. Auxiliaries as a morphological class 2. Paradigmatic vs. 3. Auxiliaries and verbhood 4. References 79. Minor word classes 1. Introduction 2. Adpositions 3. Conjunctions 4. Particles 5. Adverbs 6. Uncommon abbreviations 7. References XI. Wortbildung I: Grundprobleme Word formation I: Fundamental problems 80. System vs. norm: coinage and institutionalization 1. The need for new words 2. Ways of making new words 3. Word-formation: process or state, 4. Actual and possible words 5. System and norm and gaps 6. Restrictions on new words and 7. Coining new words: terminology 8. Conscious and unconscious coining 9. Institutionalization 10. Institutionalization and 11. Conclusion 12. References 81. Correspondence between formal and semantic relations 1. Asymmetries between 2. Polyfunctionality 3. Polysemy 4. Synonymy 5. Polyfunctionality: 6. References 82. Compositionality of meaning 1. The compositionality principle 2. Deviations from compositionality 3. Conclusions 4. References 83. Inheritance 1. Inheritance phenomena 2. Inheritance and percolation 3. Inheritance of syntactic valency 4. The optionality 5. Restrictions on inheritance 6. References 84. Base and direction of derivation 1. Base and direction of derivation 2. Theoretical background 3. The principle of directionality 4. Bases and morphological units 5. Order of affixation 6. Towards a solution 7. Derivational direction without 8. Base as basic member of a 9. Problematic phenomena 10. Allomorphy and suppletion 11. References 85. Produktivitätsbeschränkungen 1. Vorbemerkungen 2. Übereinzelsprachliche Aspekte 3. Einzelsprachliche regelübergreifende 4. Regelspezifische Aspekte 5. Zitierte Literatur XII. Wortbildung II: Prozesse Word formation II: Processes 86. Die Klassifikation von Wortbildungsprozessen 1. Zum Begriff Wortbildung 2. Klassifikationsprinzipien 3. Kombination von Stämmen 4. Affigierung 5. Substitution 6. Subtraktion 7. Konversion 8. Spezifik nichtnativer Einheiten 9. Zitierte Literatur 87. Composition 1. Definition of composition 2. Theoretical treatments of 3. Role of composition in different 4. References 88. Incorporation 1. Characteristics of noun 2. Delimitation of the construction 3. Some theoretical issues 4. Diachrony 5. Areal extent 6. Uncommon abbreviations 7. References 89. Derivation 1. General considerations and 2. Formal classification 3. Historical considerations 4. Semantic and syntactic 5. Typological considerations 6. References 90. Conversion and category indeterminacy 1. Introduction 2. Terminology 3. Arguments for conversion 4. Patterns of conversion in English 5. Other Indo-European and 6. References 91. Blending 1. Definition, Delimitation, Synonyms 2. Properties and subclassifications 3. Role of blending 92. Clipping and acronymy 1. Definitions 4. References 2. Research on word shortening 3. References 93. Creative Processes 1. Introduction 2. Whole-word constructions 3. Affixed constructions 4. Reduplicative constructions 5. Conclusion 6. References

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Herausgegeben Von Geert Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan ; Unter Mitarbeit Von Wolfgang Kesselheim Und Stavros Skopeteas = Morphology : An International Handbook On Inflection And Word-formation / Edited By Geert Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan ; Unter Mitarbeit Von Wolfgang Kesselheim Und Stavros Skopeteas. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. German, English, And French.