Morphological and Physical Classification of Galaxies : Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop of the Osservatorio Astronomico Di Capodimonte Held in Sant’Agata Sui Due Golfi, Italy, September 3–7, 1990

The morphological scheme devised by Hubble and followers to classify galaxies has proven over many decades to be quite effective in directing our quest for the fundamental pa­ rameters describing the extragalactic manifold. This statement is however far more true for spirals than for ellipticals. Echoing the concluding remarks in Scott Tremaine's sum­ mary talk at the Princeton meeting on Structure and Dynamics of Elliptical Galaxies, "the Hubble classification of spirals is useful because many properties of spirals (gas con­ tent, spiral arm morphology, bulge prominence, etc. ) all correlate with Hubble time. By contrast, almost nothing correlates with the elliptical Hubble sequence El to E7. " During the last few years much effort has been put into the search for a more meaningful classification of ellipticals than Hubble's. Concomitantly, forwarded by some provocative conjectures by R. Michard, the classical question of whether E galaxies form a physically homogeneous family has been brushed up once more. Results of these and other parallel studies look rather promising and point to suture part of the dichotomy between ellipticals and disk galaxies which had become popular in the early eighties, owing to dynamical arguments. At the same time it appears more and more clear that, besides the usual genetic varieties of galaxies, products of environmental evolution must also be contemplated in building our modern picture of the "reign of galaxies" . The above considerations prompted us to solicit Prof. Front Matter....Pages i-xix Morphology of Galaxies: An Overview....Pages 1-16 The Luminosity Functions of Galaxies....Pages 17-22 Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 23-38 Structure and Kinematics of Spirals....Pages 39-52 Brightest Cluster Members....Pages 53-68 Central Regions of Early-Type Galaxies....Pages 69-83 Stellar Content and Chemical Evolution in Spheroidal Populations....Pages 85-98 Stellar Disks in Early-Type Galaxies....Pages 99-114 Gaseous Disks in Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 115-126 Formation and Maintenance of Spiral Structure....Pages 127-138 Dark Matter in Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 139-152 Dark Matter in Late-Type Galaxies....Pages 153-162 Dark Matter in Dwarf Galaxies....Pages 163-178 Elliptical Galaxies in X-Rays....Pages 179-190 The Warm Component of the ISM of Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 191-206 The Bar Component in Disk Galaxies....Pages 207-220 Peculiar Kinematics....Pages 221-232 Cold Gas in Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 233-238 Cold Gas in Late-Type Galaxies....Pages 239-244 Abundance Gradients and Related Properties in Galaxies....Pages 245-260 Structure and Metallicity of Low-Luminosity Early-Type Galaxies....Pages 261-264 Interactions: Weak....Pages 265-276 Interactions: Strong....Pages 277-292 The Morphology of Binary Galaxies....Pages 293-308 Intrinsic Shapes of Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 309-320 On Understanding the Global Properties of Galaxies....Pages 321-336 Galaxy Manifolds and Galaxy Formation....Pages 337-356 Sub-Components in Elliptical Galaxies and Their Formation....Pages 357-370 Morphology and Classification of Galaxies. Where Do We Stand?....Pages 371-376 Detailed Morphological Classification of Early-Type Galaxies in the Perseus Cluster....Pages 377-378 Properties of Dwarf Spheroidals....Pages 379-380 Bright Cores in Nearby Southern Galaxies....Pages 381-384 Shell Formation and Thick Disks in Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 385-386 The Origin of Strong Isophotal Twists in Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 387-388 Photometric Properties of Disks in Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 389-390 Elliptical Galaxies with Dark Matter....Pages 391-392 Nuclear Dust-Discs in Radio Ellipticals....Pages 393-394 Extended H α Filaments in Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 395-396 The Origin of the Ionized Gas in S0 Galaxies....Pages 397-398 Line-Strength Gradients in S0 Galaxies....Pages 399-400 Ultraviolet Spectra of Early-Type Galaxies....Pages 401-402 On the Nature of the Compact Galaxies in the UGC....Pages 403-404 Morphology of Galaxies Surrounding Compact Groups....Pages 405-406 Mean Surface Density and Morphological Type in Disk Galaxies....Pages 407-408 Peculiar Kinematics in Interacting Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 409-410 Morphology and Kinematics of Spiral Galaxies without Bar: The Importance of the Central Mass....Pages 411-412 The Correlation between Velocity Gradients and Arm Classification in Spiral Galaxies....Pages 413-414 Optical Line/Radio Luminosity Correlation and the Effects of the Interstellar Medium....Pages 415-418 The Luminosity-Diameter Relation for Disk Galaxies: A Search for Environmental Effects....Pages 419-420 Global Properties in Early-Type Galaxies....Pages 421-422 Masses and Mass to Light Ratios of Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 423-424 On the Photometric Scaling Laws for Early-Type Galaxies....Pages 425-426 Properties of Brightest Cluster Members....Pages 427-428 The Fundamental Plane for Early Type Galaxies....Pages 429-430 Elliptical Galaxies and the Thickness of the Fundamental Plane....Pages 431-432 Dissipationless Formation of Elliptical Galaxies....Pages 433-434 The Two-Component Colour-Structure of the gE Galaxy NGC 4472....Pages 435-436 The Velocity Dispersion Anisotropy in NGC 720....Pages 437-438 NGC 205 and the Nature of Compact Nuclei in Dwarf Galaxies....Pages 439-440 Light and Color Distribution in the Core of M 32....Pages 441-442 NGC 3384 and its ‘Saturn-Like Appearance’....Pages 443-444 Cigale Observations of NGC 3198....Pages 445-446 Mapping the Star Formation in Nearby Galaxies: The Magellanic Irregular NGC 3109....Pages 447-448 MM Observations of the Magellanic Clouds from Antarctica....Pages 449-450 Seyfert Galaxies with Close Companions. A Method for Identification....Pages 451-454 Globular Clusters as Probes of the Galactic Potential....Pages 455-456 Relation between the Properties of Globular Cluster System and the Mass Distribution on the Galactic Disk....Pages 457-458 Towards a Precise Definition of the Morphological Structures of Galaxies as a Basis for their Automatic Classification....Pages 459-460 Fourier Analysis of Barred Galaxies: A Convenient Alternative to the Component Decomposition....Pages 461-464 Improvement of the Signal to Noise Ratio by Adaptive Filtering....Pages 465-468 Back Matter....Pages 469-472 The morphological scheme devised by Hubble and followers to classify galaxies has proven over many decades to be quite effective in directing our quest for the fundamental paƯ rameters describing the extragalactic manifold. This statement is however far more true for spirals than for ellipticals. Echoing the concluding remarks in Scott Tremaine's sumƯ mary talk at the Princeton meeting on Structure and Dynamics of Elliptical Galaxies, "the Hubble classification of spirals is useful because many properties of spirals (gas conƯ tent, spiral arm morphology, bulge prominence, etc.) all correlate with Hubble time. By contrast, almost nothing correlates with the elliptical Hubble sequence El to E7." During the last few years much effort has been put into the search for a more meaningful classification of ellipticals than Hubble's. Concomitantly, forwarded by some provocative conjectures by R. Michard, the classical question of whether E galaxies form a physically homogeneous family has been brushed up once more. Results of these and other parallel studies look rather promising and point to suture part of the dichotomy between ellipticals and disk galaxies which had become popular in the early eighties, owing to dynamical arguments. At the same time it appears more and more clear that, besides the usual genetic varieties of galaxies, products of environmental evolution must also be contemplated in building our modern picture of the "reign of galaxies" . The above considerations prompted us to solicit Prof The morphological scheme devised by Hubble and followers to classify galaxies has, over many decades, proved to be quite effective in directing our quest for the fundamental parameters describing the extragalactic manifold. This statement, however, is far more true for spirals than for ellipticals. In the last few years efforts have been made to search for a more meaningful classification of ellipticals, at the same time the classical question of whether E galaxies form a physically homogenous family has been brushed up once more. This book pictures the state of the art of this exciting transition process from the morphological to the physical `era' in the classification of galaxies.