Moroccans in Europe Fassi Merchants Come to Manchester: Border Crossing and Construction of Diasporic Consciousness

CONTENTS Acknowledgments List of Illustrations, Charts and Archival Sources iv INTRODUCTION 1 PART I: MOROCCANS OF MANCHESTER: BORDER CROSSING AND DIASPORIC CONSCIOUSNESS 13 1.Anglo-Moroccan Trade 13 2.Early Moroccan Commercial Encounters With Britain 16 3.Moroccan Tujar: Crossing and Dwelling 29 4.Bringing Islam to Manchester 43 5.Moroccan Views of Manchester 45 6.The Moroccans in Manchester: Fashioning New Identities 46 7.Predicaments of Exile in Foreign Lands 58 8.Moroccan Manchester Merchants and British Women 62 9. Moorish Women in Manchester Diaspora 70 10. How English Tea Became Morocco’s National Beverage 76 11.The Last Moorish Merchants in Manchester 82 12.Farewell Manchester: The Benjellouns Return to Fez 84 13.New Routes, New Experiences 94 CONCLUSION 101 PART II: ARCHIVAL SOURCES 1. Moroccans of Manchester 103 2. Picturesque Moroccan Colony Leaves Manchester 110 3. Moroccans Enjoy the Manchester Turkish Bath 113 4. Aaron Afriat Applies for British Citizenship, 1874 117 5. Mohammed Mustafa-Ducaly 120 6.A Dishonest Servant Girl 125 7. A Moorish Merchant and Gladstone 125 8. Benani and Benjeloun at Court 126 9. A Black Servant Girl, From Taroudant to Manchester 128 10. Business Correspondence with Manchester 129 11.Moorish Lady’s Death 131 12.Manchester Trade: Letter from Hamed Boayed 132 13.The First Moroccan Failure in Manchester 133 14.A Sensational Abduction: A Moor and an English Girl 134 15.The Mosque Marriage: Clara Casey Tells Her Story 136 16.Married to A Moor 137 17. The Last of the Moors 139 18. Kenza Laghzaoui in America 139 BIBLIOGRAPHY 145