Monitoring Asthma (Lung Biology in Health and Disease, Volume 207)

"Providing a solid foundation for specialists in asthma treatment and control, this guide illustrates the importance of asthma monitoring practices for up-to-date assessments of disease levels in specific population groups; the identification of social, geographical, and environmental factors that may influence the development of asthma; and the design of improved and cost-effective prevention and management strategies for optimal patient care."--BOOK JACKET Front cover......Page 1 Introduction......Page 14 Preface......Page 16 Contributors......Page 18 Contents......Page 22 Asthma Symptoms......Page 30 Purpose of Symptom Monitoring......Page 32 Symptom Monitoring and Exacerbations......Page 34 Symptom Perception......Page 37 Symptom Scoring Systems......Page 39 Framework......Page 41 References......Page 42 Introduction......Page 48 Health-Related Quality of Life......Page 49 Why do We Need to Measure Quality of Life in Asthma?......Page 50 Quality of Life Impairments in Asthma......Page 51 Selecting the Right Questionnaire for the Task......Page 53 Interpretation of Quality of Life Data......Page 55 Quality of Life in Clinical Trials......Page 56 Quality of Life in Clinical Practice......Page 57 Practical Considerations......Page 59 Cultural Adaptations......Page 63 Copyright......Page 64 References......Page 65 Introduction......Page 70 General Issues on Cough as a Symptom and Outcome Measure......Page 71 Measurements of Cough Severity......Page 72 Significance of Cough in Asthma......Page 78 Application (Case Study)......Page 90 References......Page 91 Context of Electronic Spirometric and Peak Flow Monitoring......Page 100 Types of Electronic Monitoring Devices......Page 101 Performance Issues......Page 117 Processing Issues......Page 120 Uses of Electronic Monitoring Devices......Page 123 Priorities in Use of Electronic Monitoring Devices......Page 130 References......Page 131 Abstract......Page 136 What Is Telemedicine?......Page 137 Why Telemedicine in Asthma?......Page 138 Clinical Guidelines, Decision Support Tools and Clinical Information Systems......Page 145 Unanswered Research Questions......Page 146 Conclusion......Page 147 References......Page 148 Summary......Page 152 Introduction......Page 153 Basic Theory and Terminology......Page 155 Clinical Examples......Page 161 Discussion......Page 167 References......Page 170 Monitoring Adherence......Page 174 Patterns of Adherence......Page 176 Monitoring Adherence......Page 177 Why Monitor Adherence?......Page 181 How Much Is Enough?......Page 183 Monitoring Adherence Universally......Page 184 References......Page 187 Introduction......Page 190 A Primer on Allergens......Page 191 Exposure and Clinical Outcomes......Page 198 Methods of Collecting Reservoir Allergen Sources......Page 204 Methods of Collecting Aeroallergens......Page 209 Types of Air Samplers......Page 212 Measurement of Allergens and Visual Identification of Their Sources......Page 214 Comments in Conclusion......Page 221 References......Page 222 Introduction and Background......Page 236 Monitoring......Page 241 References......Page 254 Introduction......Page 262 Properties of Methacholine and Histamine......Page 263 Methods of Testing......Page 267 ‘‘Squeeze’’ Method for Infants......Page 270 Factors Affecting Airway Responsiveness......Page 271 Expression of Results and Reproducibility......Page 273 The Use of Direct Stimuli to Diagnose Asthma......Page 274 Detection of Asthma in Different Populations......Page 277 Occupational Asthma......Page 279 Comparisons with Indirect Challenge Agents......Page 280 Relation of Direct Challenge Responses to Asthma Severity and Treatment......Page 281 Relation and Relevance to Airway Pathology......Page 283 Summary......Page 287 References......Page 288 Overview......Page 304 Definition of Indirect Stimuli......Page 305 Background to the Use of These Indirect Stimuli for Monitoring Airway Hyperresponsiveness......Page 308 Relationship Between One Indirect Stimulus and Another......Page 312 Role of Mediators in the Differences Between Indirect Stimuli and Direct Stimuli......Page 314 Indications for Use of Indirect Stimuli......Page 317 Clinical Evaluation Using Indirect Stimuli......Page 325 Monitoring Changes to Allergen Avoidance and Exposure......Page 336 Conclusions......Page 338 References......Page 339 Introduction......Page 354 Feasibility of Measuring Airway Inflammation......Page 355 Methodology......Page 359 Measurement Characteristics of Induced Sputum......Page 360 Findings in Asthma......Page 362 What Features of the Inflammatory Response Contribute to Disordered Airway Function?......Page 364 How Does Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation Contribute to the Pathophysiology of Asthma?......Page 365 Clinical Role for Monitoring Airway Inflammation......Page 366 Future Directions......Page 370 Summary......Page 371 References......Page 372 Introduction......Page 378 Exhaled Gases......Page 380 Mediators in Exhaled Breath Condensate......Page 384 Acknowledgment......Page 385 References......Page 386 Introduction......Page 392 What Is Childhood Asthma?......Page 393 Monitoring Asthma in Infants......Page 396 Monitoring Asthma in Pre-School Children......Page 399 Monitoring Asthma in Older Children......Page 403 References......Page 405 Introduction......Page 412 Assessing the Validity of Time Trends......Page 416 Assessing Possible Explanations for Time Trends......Page 420 Cohort and Case–Control Studies of Asthma Deaths......Page 427 Summary......Page 439 References......Page 440 Introduction......Page 446 Purposes of Monitoring Asthma in Populations......Page 447 Identification of Asthma for Monitoring Purposes......Page 451 Monitoring Key Specific Indicators......Page 453 References......Page 478 Pharmacists in the Health Care System......Page 494 Pharmacists and Chronic Diseases......Page 495 Current Issues with Asthma Management: Where Can the Pharmacist Help?......Page 496 Pharmaceutical Care and Asthma......Page 499 Optimizing Pharmacy-based Interventions and Outcomes......Page 500 Specific Monitoring of Asthma in the Pharmacy Setting......Page 509 Monitoring Outcomes (Table 2)......Page 516 References......Page 524 Introduction......Page 532 Advantages and Limitations of Database Studies......Page 533 Adverse Effects of Inhaled b2-Agonists......Page 535 Benefits of Inhaled Corticosteroids......Page 540 Risks of Inhaled Corticosteroids......Page 542 Methodological Issues in Observational Study Designs......Page 545 Conclusion......Page 553 References......Page 554 Index......Page 560 Back cover......Page 572