Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics (Part 2)

Today, treatment options for cancer patients typically include surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. While these therapies have saved lives and reduced pain and suffering, cancer still takes millions of lives every year around the world. Researchers are now developing advanced therapeutic strategies such as immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and combination nanotechnology for drug delivery. In addition, the identification of new biomarkers will potentiate early-stage diagnosis. Molecular Targets and Cancer presents information about cancer diagnosis and therapy in a simple way. It covers several aspects of the topic with updated information on par with medical board levels. The book features contributions from experts and includes an overview of cancer from basic biology and pathology, classifications, surveillance, prevention, diagnosis, types of cancer, treatment and prognosis. The second part of this book discusses specialized topics in clinical oncology which include the pathophysiology of various types of cancer, cancer screening, different types of cancer surgery, cancer stem cell-targeted immunotherapy, nanotechnology for precision medicine applications in cancer and cancer surveillance. This comprehensive guide is a valuable resource for oncologists, researchers, and all medical professionals who work in cancer care and research. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Preface Dedication List of Contributors Cancer Types Amal F. Alshammary1,*,#, Mashael Al-Toub1,*,#, Maha F. Almutairi2, Mohammed Bakar3, Haifa F. Alshammary4, Arwa F.Q.B. Alanazi5, Amani F.Q.B. Alanazi6, Norah A. Alturki1, Haifa Alhawas7 and Asma Alanazi7 INTRODUCTION Definition Nomenclature CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMOURS CLASSIFICATION Carcinoma Lung Cancer Breast Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Prostate Cancer Types of Prostate Cancer Acinar Adenocarcinoma Prostatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Transitional Cell or Urethral Cancer Squamous Cell Cancer Small Cell Prostate Cancer Neuroendocrine Tumors Sarcoma Pathophysiology Approach to Diagnosis and Further Assessment Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors Symptoms Screening Cervical Cancer Epidemiology Pathophysiology Sarcoma Bone Tumor Cartilage Tumor Liposarcoma Brain Tumor Mixed-Origin Carcinoma-Sarcoma Tumors Gastrointestinal Cancer Melanoma Skin Cancer Hematological Malignancies Leukemia Lymphoid Malignancy Germ Cell Tumors Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors Blastoma Neuroblastoma CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Diagnosis of Cancer Fayez Alelyani1,*, Anas Abdulhamid Seday2, Mashael Al-Toub3 and Adnan Alwatban4 INTRODUCTION BIOPSY ENDOSCOPY DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING The Use of Imaging Diagnoses Imaging Tests are Used for Cancer in Many Ways Perfections of Imaging Diagnosis Imaging Scan Types BLOOD TESTS (TUMOR MARKERS) Tumor Markers (Cancer Biomarkers) Circulating Tumor Markers CTCs CEA PSA CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Treatment of Cancer Naif AlEnazi1,*, Ayisha Q. Alanazi2, Mohammed W. Al-Rabia3 and Fahad Albisi4 INTRODUCTION Types of Cancer Surgery DIAGNOSTIC SURGERY Open Biopsy Advantages of Open Biopsy Disadvantages of Open Biopsy Incisional Biopsy Punch Biopsy Excisional Biopsy Needle Biopsy Fine-Needle Aspiration Core Needle Biopsy ENDOSCOPY Laparoscopy Laparotomy Analysis of the Biopsy Results STAGING SURGERY Clinical Staging and Pathological Staging Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping and Biopsy CURATIVE SURGERY Types of Curative Surgery Excisional Surgery Laser Surgery Cryosurgery Electrosurgery Mohs Micrographic Surgery Preoperative or Post-Operative Chemotherapy and Radiation Preoperative Chemotherapy and Radiation Post-Operative Chemotherapy and Radiation Preoperative Chemotherapy with Post-Operative Radiation Therapy DEBULKING Patient Suitability for Debulking Debulking for Ovarian Cancer Complications of Debulking PALLIATIVE SURGERY Bowel Surgery Palliative Mastectomy Suture Ligation Insertion of a Feeding Tube Prevent Broken Bones PREVENTATIVE SURGERY Mastectomy Oophorectomy Colectomy Thyroidectomy Removal of Precancerous Polyps RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY Breast Reconstructive Surgery Head and Neck Restorative Surgery ACCESS SURGERY PRACTICALITIES OF SURGERY Before Surgery Prepping for Surgery After Surgery Palliative Treatment Soft Tissue Cancer of the Head and Neck (Except Salivary Glands and Thyroid Gland) Skin Malignant Melanoma (Including Skin, Ocular, or Mucosal Melanomas), as Described in Either A, B, or C Soft Tissue Sarcoma Lymphoma (Including Mycosis Fungoides but Excluding T-Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma) Leukemia Multiple Myeloma (Confirmed by Appropriate Serum or Urine Protein Electrophoresis and Bone Marrow Findings) Salivary Glands: Carcinoma or Sarcoma with Metastases Beyond the Regional Lymph Nodes Thyroid Gland Breast (Except Sarcoma) Skeletal System (Sarcoma) Maxilla, Orbit, or Temporal Fossa Nervous System Lungs Pleura or Mediastinum Esophagus or Stomach Small Intestine: Carcinoma, Sarcoma, or Carcinoid Large Intestine: (from Ileocecal Valve to and Including Anal Canal) Liver or Gallbladder: Cancer of the Liver, Gallbladder, or Bile Ducts Pancreas Kidneys, Adrenal Glands, or Ureters Carcinoma Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Cancers of the Female Genital Tract-Carcinoma or Sarcoma (Including Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma) Prostate Gland: Carcinoma CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Immunotherapy and Cancer Stem Cells Ravi Teja Chitturi Suryaprakash1, Mohammad Ayman Abdulkarim Safi2, Noufa Alonazi3, Ahdab A. Alsieedi4 and Omar Kujan1,* INTRODUCTION MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (MABS) Classification of Chemotherapeutic Monoclonal (CmMab) Antibodies Mechanism of Action of Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Cancer Constraint and Cost TARGETED THERAPY USING SMALL MOLECULES Small Molecules Blocking PD1 and PD-L1 Small Molecules Blocking IDO1 Small Molecules Targeting Tregs Small Molecules Activating Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) Small Molecules Activating cGAS/STING Pathway Small Molecules Targeting Chemokine Receptors Other Small Molecule Inhibitors LIGAND TARGETED THERAPY Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) NKG2D Signalling Pathway B7 Family of Immune-Regulatory Ligands Targeting CSC by CAR T-Cells Targeting CSC by Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccines CANCER STEM CELL-TARGETED IMMUNOTHERAPY Targeting CSC by Oncolytic Viruses Cancer Immunotherapy NON-SPECIFIC TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY Targeting Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Cytokine Based Therapy Immune Checkpoint Blockage SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY Adoptive T Cell Transfer Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) Therapy TCR Gene Therapy CAR T-Cell Therapy Vaccination Coley's Vaccine (Toxin) Fusion (Loading) of Human Dendritic Cell General Information About Dendritic Cell Method of Preparation Gen Vaccines (DNA and RNA Vaccines) Vaccines using Viral Vectors Tumor-Associated Antigens Versus Tumor Neoantigens Vaccines CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Nanotechnology and Precision Medicine Noufa Alonazi1,*, Talat Abdullah Albukhari2 and Naif M. Alruwaili3 INTRODUCTION Unique Roles of Nanotechnology in Cancer The Role of Nanotechnology in Cancer Nanotechnology and Cancer Passive Tumor Accumulation Active Tumor Targeting Transport Across Tissue Barriers DELIVERING NANOMEDICINE TO SOLID TUMORS INTRODUCTION BARRIERS TO NANOMEDICINE DELIVERY POOR BLOOD PERFUSION ELEVATED IFP ECM DENSE HIGH TUMOR STROMAL CELLS (TSC) MODULATION OF THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT Tumor Perfusion Enhancement ENHANCEMENT OF NANOMEDICINE EXTRAVASATION ENHANCEMENT OF INTERSTITIAL TRANSPORT OF NANOMEDICINES ELECTROCHEMOTHERAPY INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLE OF ECT APPLICATION OF ECT IN MEDICINE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ECT Advantages Disadvantages POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Cancer Surveillance Amal F. Alshammary1,*, #, Mashael Al-Toub1,*, #, Talat Abdullah Albukhari2 and Waheed A. Filimban3 INTRODUCTION TO CANCER SURVEILLANCE NON-IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE Genetic Surveillance Epigenetic Surveillance Intracellular Surveillance Intercellular Surveillance IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE OVERVIEW OF IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE Historical Perspective Evidence for and Against Immune Surveillance Tumor Antigens Definition Classification A New Approach to Immunosurveillance MECHANISMS OF TUMOR IMMUNOEDITING Elimination Equilibrium Escape Role of Innate and Adaptive Immunity During the Elimination T Cells Effect of Tregs on NKT Cells Effect of γδ T Cells and NKT Cells How Immunosurveillance Recognises Cancer EVIDENCE OF IMMUNOEDITING IN ANIMAL MODELS Overview of Mice Models Spontaneous Tumor Development in Immunodeficient Mice Carcinogen-Induced Tumors in Immunodeficient Mice Components Implicated in Animal Immunoediting EVIDENCE FOR CANCER IMMUNOEDITING IN HUMANS Immunosuppressed Patients Microsatellite Instability in Human Tumors Human Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Syndromes WHY DOES IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE FAIL? HLA Class I Defects T Cell Immune Dysfunction Dendritic Cell System Malfunction CANCER PREVENTION AND SCREENING Cancer Prevention Policy and Action for Cancer Prevention Diet and Cancer Prevention Cancer Screening Balancing the Benefits and Screening Risks Optimizing Screening Participation Discrete Factors of Cancer Screening Involvement CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATIONS CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Subject Index Back Cover