Molecular Bio-Sensors and the Role of Metal Ions (Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series)

Volume 23, entitled Molecular Bio-Sensors and the Role of Metal Ions, of the series Metal Ions in Life Sciences (MILS) represents a milestone of contemporary progress and understanding of molecular bio-sensors for metal ions. It is bringing together the latest research in academia and industry, and it also emphasizes the spectrum of evolving regulations from regulatory bodies. This vibrant research area is covered by 31 internationally recognized experts. The impact of MILS-23 is manifested by more than 1300 references and close to 200 figures, more than 100 of them in color; further information is summarized in several tables. In conclusion, Volume 23 significantly advances our understanding of Molecular Bio-Sensors, it is therefore an essential resource for scientists working in the wide range from earth sciences, material sciences, physics, pharmacology, enzymology, analytical, organic, and inorganic biochemistry all the way through to medicine including the clinic. • It provides an understanding of the roles that metals play in living systems. • It offers an insight for the demands needed in the clinic. • It reveals the interplay between bio-sensors and therapies. The Series METAL IONS IN LIFE SCIENCES increases our understanding of the relationship between the chemistry of metals and life processes. The volumes reflect the interdisciplinary nature of Biological Inorganic Chemistry and coordinate the efforts of researchers in fields like biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, coordination chemistry, molecular and structural biology, enzymology, toxicology, environmental chemistry, biophysics, pharmacy, and medicine. The volumes deal with the formation, stability, structure, and reactivity of metal-containing biological compounds of low and high molecular weight. The metabolism and transport of metal ions and their complexes as well as new models of complicated natural structures and processes are in the focus. Consequently, the volumes are an essential source for researchers in the mentioned fields as well as for teachers preparing courses, e.g., in Bioinorganic Chemistry. Cover Title Page Copyright Page About the Editors Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series Preface to Volume 23 Table of Contents Contributors to Volume 23 Handbooks and Book Series Published and (Co-)edited by the SIGELs Foreword Chapter 1 Metalloid-Sensing Transcriptional Regulatory Proteins 1 Introduction 2 Families of Metalloregulatory Proteins 2.1 The ArsR Family 2.1.1 Clade 1: ArsR from E. coli Plasmid R773, the Patriarch of the ArsR/SmtB Family 2.1.2 Clade 2: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ArsR, a Quite Different As(III)-Binding Site 2.1.3 Clade 3: Corynebacterium glutamicum CgArsR, Variation on a Theme 2.1.4 Clade 4: Shewanella putrefaciens SpArsR, a MAs(III)-Selective Repressor 2.1.5 Clade 5: Comamonas testosteroni AntR, an Sb(III)-Selective Repressor 2.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yap8: A Eukaryotic As(III)-Responsive Transcription Factor 2.3 Agrobacterium tumefaciens AioR 3 Applications for Arsenic Sensing and Bioremediation 3.1 Application of Metalloregulatory Proteins in Arsenic Detection 3.2 Applications of Metalloregulatory Proteins in Arsenic Bioremediation 4 Conclusions Acknowledgment Abbreviations and Definitions References Chapter 2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Bio-Sensors for Calcium(II) 1 Introduction 2 Types of MRI Contrasts and Their Chemical Probes 2.1 T[sub(1)]-Weighted MRI Contrast Agents 2.2 T[sub(2)]-Weighted MRI Contrast Agents 2.3 CEST MRI Contrast Agents 2.4 Fluorinated MRI Probes 2.5 Hyperpolarized MRI Probes 3 Calcium-Sensitive MRI Probes 3.1 Ca-Responsive Probes Suitable for T[sub(1)]-Weighted MRI 3.2 Ca-Responsive Probes Suitable for T[sub(2)]-Weighted MRI 3.3 CEST-Based Ca-Responsive Probes 3.4 Fluorinated Ca-Responsive Probes 3.5 Hyperpolarized Ca-Responsive Probes 3.6 Nanosized Ca-Responsive Probes 3.7 In Vivo MRI with Ca-Responsive Probes 4 Practical Challenges for Using Calcium-Sensitive MRI Probes 5 Conclusions Acknowledgments Abbreviations and Definitions References Chapter 3 Sensing Calcium Dynamics and Calcium Signaling 1 Introduction 1.1 Calcium Signaling and Spatial–Temporal Ca[sup(2+)] Dynamics 1.2 Major Ca[sup(2+)] Stores, Channels, and Related Diseases 1.3 Extracellular Calcium-Signaling and Calcium-Sensing Receptor 2 Ca[sup(2+)] -Binding Proteins and Metal-Binding Coordination in Proteins 3 Sensing Calcium-Binding GECIs 3.1 Classes of GECIs 3.2 Kinetics Limitation of GECIs 3.3 Rational Design of Calcium Sensors 4 Structure and Function of CaSR 4.1 Mechanistic Insights into Heterotropic Cooperativity Orchestrated by Allosteric Modulator Binding at ECD 4.2 Negative Regulation by Anion Binding and pH Effect 4.3 Structural Implications for Drug Development and Regulation 4.4 CaSR Induced Ca[sup(2+)] Oscillation and Interactome 5 Conclusions Acknowledgments Abbreviations and Definitions References Chapter 4 Fluorescent Bio-Sensors for Manganese(II) and Iron(II) 1 The Importance and Challenges of Selective Detection of Mn(II) and Fe(II) 2 Interrogating Total, Chelatable, and Labile Metal Pools 3 Bio-Sensors for Mn(II) 3.1 Traditional Spectroscopic Methods 3.2 Quantification of Chelatable Mn(II) Using Turn-Off Fluorescent Sensors 3.3 Turn-On Fluorescent Sensors for Mn(II) 3.4 Displacement-Based, Polymer-Based, and Nanoparticle-Based Sensors for Mn(II) 3.5 Genetically Encoded Sensors for Mn(II) 4 Methods for Quantifying Fe(II) 4.1 Traditional Approaches for Quantifying Total and Chelatable Fe(II) 4.2 Recognition-Based Sensors for Fe(II) 4.3 Reaction-Based Probes for Fe(II) 4.3.1 IP1-Type N[sub(4)]O Receptor-Based Probes 4.3.2 RhoNox-Based Probes 4.3.3 Endoperoxide-Based Probes 4.3.4 Quinoline-Derived Probes 4.3.5 Summary of Reaction-Based Fe(II) Probes 4.4 Genetically Encoded Methods for Detecting Fe(II) 4.4.1 Fur-Based Reporter 4.4.2 Riboswitch-Based Sensors and Reporters 5 Conclusions and Perspective Acknowledgments Abbreviations and Definitions References Chapter 5 Fluorescent Probes for Zinc Ions and Their Applications in the Life Sciences 1 Introduction 2 Mechanisms for Responses of Fluorescent Probes to Zinc Ions 2.1 Zinc-Ion Fluorescent Probes that Utilize a PET Mechanism 2.2 Zinc-Ion Fluorescent Probes that Operate Through an ICT Mechanism 2.3 Zinc-Ion Fluorescent Probes Functioning through the FRET Mechanism 2.4 Zinc-Ion Fluorescent Probes Based on the ESIPT Mechanism 3 Zn[sup(2+)] Recognition Group (Ligand) 3.1 Schiff Base as Ligand Group 3.2 DPA and Its Derivatives as a Zn[sup(2+)] Ligand 3.3 Bipyridines as Ligand Groups 3.4 Quinolines as Ligand Groups 3.5 Polyamines as Ligand Groups 3.6 Triazoles as Ligand Groups 3.7 Iminodiacetic Acid as a Ligand Group 4 Type of Zinc-Ion Fluorescent Probes 4.1 Single-Channel Fluorescent Probes for Zinc Ion 4.2 Multichannel (Ratiometric) Fluorescent Probes for Zinc Ion 4.3 Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes for Zinc Ion 4.4 NIR Fluorescent Probes for Zinc Ion 4.5 Bioprotein-Based Fluorescent Probes for Zinc Ions 5 Targeted Zn[sup(2+)] Imaging 5.1 Mitochondrial Zinc-Ion Imaging 5.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Zinc-Ion Imaging 5.3 Lysosome Zinc-Ion Imaging 5.4 Plasma Membrane Zinc-Ion Imaging 5.5 Presynaptic Terminal Zinc-Ion Imaging 6 Applications of Zn[sup(2+)]-Sensitive Fluorescent Probes Abbreviations and Definitions Acknowledgements References Chapter 6 Chemo- and Bio-Sensors for Copper Ions 1 Introduction 1.1 The Physiological Role of Copper Ions 1.1.1 Deficiency of Cu Ions 1.1.2 Excess of Cu Ions 1.2 Toxicity of Copper Ions 1.3 Significance of the Detection of Copper Ions 2 Detection of Copper Ions Using Different Chemosensors 2.1 Detection of Copper Ions Using Fluorescent Chemosensors 2.1.1 Organic Dye-Based Fluorescent Chemosensors 2.1.2 Transition Metal Complex-Based Fluorescent Chemosensors 2.1.3 Covalent Organic Frameworks and Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Fluorescent Chemosensors 2.1.4 Nanoparticle-Based Fluorescent Chemosensors 2.2 Detection of Copper Ions Using Colorimetric Chemosensors 2.3 Detection of Copper Ions Using Electrochemical Chemosensors 2.4 Detection of Copper Ions Using Other Chemosensors 3 Detection of Copper Ions Using Different Bio-Sensors 3.1 Detection of Copper Ions Using Fluorescent Bio-Sensors 3.2 Detection of Copper Ions Using Colorimetric Bio-Sensors 3.3 Detection of Copper Ions Using Electrochemical Bio-Sensors 3.4 Detection of Copper Ions Using Other Bio-Sensors 4 Detection of Copper Ions in Different Samples 4.1 In Biological Samples 4.2 In Water Samples 4.3 In Biological and Water Samples 4.4 In the Environment 4.5 In Other Samples 5 General Conclusion Acknowledgment Abbreviations and Definitions References Chapter 7 Molecular Design for Cadmium-Specific Fluorescent Sensors 1 Introduction 1.1 Toxicity of Cadmium 1.2 Detection of Cadmium 2 Molecular Design for Fluorescent Cadmium Sensors 2.1 Mechanism of Fluorescence Enhancement and Spectral Changes 2.2 Cadmium Specificity 3 Cadmium-Specific Fluorescent Sensors 3.1 Coumarin Derivatives 3.2 Fluorescein/Rhodamine Derivatives 3.3 BODIPY Derivatives 3.4 Quinoline Derivatives 3.5 Others 4 Manipulation of Fluorescent Zinc/Cadmium Selectivity 4.1 Zinc/Cadmium Dual Sensors 4.2 Reversal of Zinc/Cadmium Selectivity 5 General Conclusions Acknowledgment Abbreviations and Definitions References Chapter 8 Molecular Bio-Sensors and the Biological and Biomedical Activities of Vanadium 1 Introduction 2 Essential and Beneficial Effects of Vanadium 3 Toxic Effects of Vanadium 4 Speciation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Vanadium across Oxidation States II–V 5 Analysis of Biological and Biomedical Samples 6 Vanadium-Containing Bio-Sensors 6.1 Bio-Sensors Measuring Vanadium 6.2 Bio-Sensors Containing Vanadium and Vanadium Oxides 6.2.1 Glucose Sensors 6.2.2 Dopamine Bio-Sensor 6.2.3 Urea Bio-Sensor 6.2.4 DNA Bio-Sensors 6.2.5 Carcino-Embryonic Antigen Bio-Sensor 7 Conclusions Acknowledgments Abbreviations References Chapter 9 Non-Invasive Detection of Stem Cell Therapies Facilitated by Metal Ion-Based Contrast Agents 1 Introduction 2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2.1 Molecular Contrast Agents 2.1.1 Gd(III) Agents 2.1.2 Mn(II) Agents 2.1.3 ParaCEST Agents 2.2 Nanoparticle Contrast Agents 2.2.1 Gd(III) Particle Core 2.2.2 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 2.2.3 Cobalt Alloy Nanoparticles 3 Nuclear Medicine and CT Imaging 3.1 Molecular PET/SPECT Agents 3.2 Gold Nanoparticle-Enhanced CT 4 Optical Imaging 4.1 Two-Photon Molecular Agents 4.2 Quantum Dots 5 Multi-Modal Imaging Strategies 5.1 Molecular MRI/Optical Agents 5.2 Molecular PET/MRI Agents 5.3 Nanoparticle Strategies 6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments Abbreviations and Definitions References Chapter 10 Optical and Electrochemical Metal-Based Sensors in Biological Systems 1 Introduction 2 Optical Bio-Sensors for Visible Analyte Detection 2.1 Signal Detection through Light Emission 2.1.1 Transition Metal Complexes and Metal-Organic Frameworks 2.1.2 Lanthanide Ion Complexes and Metal-Organic Frameworks 2.1.3 Nanomaterials 2.2 Colorimetric Signals Enable Naked Eye Detection 2.3 Sensing Using Shifts in the Plasmon Bands 3 Electrochemical Bio-Sensors 4 Conclusion Acknowledgment Abbreviations References Index