Modulation and Coding Techniques in Wireless Communications

The High Level Of Technical Detail Included In Standards Specifications Can Make It Difficult To Find The Correlation Between The Standard Specifications And The Theoretical Results. This Book Aims To Cover Both Of These Elements To Give Accessible Information And Support To Readers. It Explains The Current And Future Trends On Communication Theory And Shows How These Developments Are Implemented In Contemporary Wireless Communication Standards. Examining Modulation, Coding And Multiple Access Techniques, The Book Is Divided Into Two Major Sections To Cover These Functions. The Two-stage Approach First Treats The Basics Of Modulation And Coding Theory Before Highlighting How These Concepts Are Defined And Implemented In Modern Wireless Communication Systems. Part 1 Is Devoted To The Presentation Of Main L1 Procedures And Methods Including Modulation, Coding, Channel Equalization And Multiple Access Techniques. In Part 2, The Uses Of These Procedures And Methods In The Wide Range Of Wireless Communication Standards Including Wlan, Wimax, Wcdma, Hspa, Lte And Cdma2000 Are Considered. . An Essential Study Of The Implementation Of Modulation And Coding Techniques In Modern Standards Of Wireless Communication. Bridges The Gap Between The Modulation Coding Theory And The Wireless Communications Standards Material. Divided Into Two Parts To Systematically Tackle The Topic - The First Part Develops Techniques Which Are Then Applied And Tailored To Real World Systems In The Second Part. Covers Special Aspects Of Coding Theory And How These Can Be Effectively Applied To Improve The Performance Of Wireless Communications Systems. About The Editors -- List Of Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. Channel Models And Reliable Communications (evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, And Jussi Poikonen) -- 1.1 Principles Of Reliable Communication -- 1.2 Awgn -- 1.3 Fading Processes In Wireless Communication Channels -- 1.4 Modelling Frequency-nonselective Fading -- 1.5 Wssus Models For Frequency-selective Fading -- References -- 2. Modulation (sergei Semenov) -- 2.1 Basic Principles Of Bandpass Modulation -- 2.2 Psk -- 2.3 Msk -- 2.4 Qam -- 2.5 Ofdm -- References -- 3. Block Codes (grigorii Kabatiansky, Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, And Sergei Semenov) -- 3.1 Main Definitions -- 3.2 Algebraic Structures -- 3.3 Linear Block Codes -- 3.4 Cyclic Codes -- 3.5 Bounds On Minimum Distance -- 3.6 Minimum Distance Decoding -- 3.7 Information Set Decoding -- 3.8 Hamming Codes -- 3.9 Reed-solomon Codes -- 3.10 Bch Codes -- 3.11 Decoding Of Bch Codes -- 3.12 Sudan Algorithm And Its Extensions -- 3.13 Ldpc Codes -- References -- 4. Convolutional Codes And Turbo-codes (sergei Semenov And Andrey Trofimov) -- 4.1 Convolutional Codes Representation And Encoding -- 4.2 Viterbi Decoding Algorithm -- 4.3 List Decoding -- 4.4 Upper Bound On Bit Error Probability For Viterbi Decoding -- 4.5 Sequential Decoding -- 4.6 Parallel-concatenated Convolutional Codes And Soft Input Soft Output Decoding -- 4.7 Siso Decoding Algorithms -- References -- 4.a Modified Chernoff Bound And Some Applications (andrey Trofimov) -- References -- 5. Equalization (sergei Semenov) -- 5.1 Equalization With Filtering -- 5.2 Equalization Based On Sequence Estimation -- 5.3 Rake Receiver -- 5.4 Turbo Equalization -- 5.5 Performance Comparison -- References -- 6. Arq (evgenii Krouk) -- 6.1 Basic Arq Schemes -- 6.2 Hybrid Arq -- References -- 7. Coded Modulation (andrey Trofimov) -- 7.1 Principle Of Coded Modulation -- 7.2 Modulation Mapping By Signal Set Partitioning -- 7.3 Ungerboeck Codes -- 7.4 Performance Estimation Of Tcm System. References -- 8. Mimo (andrei Ovchinnikov And Sergei Semenov) -- 8.1 Mimo Channel Model -- 8.2 Space-time Coding -- 8.3 Orthogonal Designs -- 8.4 Space-time Trellis Codes -- 8.5 Differential Space-time Codes -- 8.6 Spatial Multiplexing -- 8.7 Beamforming -- References -- 9. Multiple Access Methods (dimitry Osipov, Jarkko Paavola, And Jussi Poikonen) -- 9.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access -- 9.2 Time Division Multiple Access -- 9.3 Code Division Multiple Access -- 9.4 Advanced Ma Methods -- 9.5 Random Access Multiple Access Methods -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- 10. Standardization In Ieee 802,11, 802.16 (tuomas Laine, Zexian Li, Andrei Malkov, And Prabodh Varshney) -- 10.1 Ieee Overview -- 10.2 Standard Development Process -- 10.3 Ieee 802.11 Working Group -- 10.4 Ieee 802.16 Working Group -- 10.5 Ieee 802.11 -- 10.6 Ieee 802.16x -- References -- 11. Standardization In 3gpp (asbjorn Grovlen, Kari Hooli, Matti Jokimies, Kari Pajukoski, Sergei Semenov, And Esa Tiirola) -- 11.1 Standardization Process And Organization -- 11.2 3g Wcdma -- 11.3 3.5g Hsdpa/hsupa -- 11.4 4g Lte -- References -- 12. Cdma 2000 And Its Evolution (andrei Ovchinnikov) -- 12.1 Development Of 3g Cdm 2000 Standard -- 12.2 Reverse Channel Of Physical Layer In Cdma 2000 Standard -- 12.3 Forward Channel Of Physical Layer In Cdma 2000 Standard -- 12.4 Architecture Model Of Cdma 2000 1xev-do Standard -- 12.5 Access Terminal Of The Cdma 2000 1xev-do Standard -- 12.6 Access Network Of The Cdma 2000 1xev-do Standard -- References -- Index. Edited By Evgenii Krouk, Sergei Semenov. Description Based Upon Print Version Of Record. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Also Available In Print. Mode Of Access: World Wide Web English MODULATION AND CODING TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS......Page 3 Contents......Page 7 About the Editors......Page 13 List of Contributors......Page 15 Acknowledgements......Page 17 Introduction......Page 19 1.1 Principles of Reliable Communication......Page 21 1.2.1 Baseband Representation of AWGN......Page 22 1.2.2 From Sample SNR to Eb/N0......Page 25 1.3 Fading Processes in Wireless Communication Channels......Page 26 1.3.1 Large-Scale Fading (Path Loss)......Page 27 1.3.2 Medium-Scale Fading (Shadowing)......Page 30 1.3.3 Small-Scale Fading (Multipath Propagation)......Page 31 1.4.1 Rayleigh and Rice Distributions......Page 34 1.4.4 Rayleigh and Rice Models for Frequency-Nonselective Fading......Page 35 1.4.5 SNR in Rayleigh Fading Channels......Page 37 1.5.1 Basic Principles......Page 38 References......Page 39 2.1 Basic Principles of Bandpass Modulation......Page 41 2.1.1 The Complex Representation of a Bandpass Signal......Page 42 2.1.2 Representation of Signal with Basis Functions......Page 47 2.1.3 Pulse Shaping......Page 51 2.1.4 Matched Filter......Page 55 2.2.1 BPSK......Page 58 2.2.2 QPSK......Page 63 2.2.3 M-PSK......Page 67 2.2.4 DPSK......Page 68 2.2.5 OQPSK......Page 70 2.2.6 /4-QPSK......Page 71 2.3.1 GMSK......Page 74 2.4 QAM......Page 80 2.5 OFDM......Page 86 References......Page 101 3.1 Main Definitions......Page 103 3.2 Algebraic Structures......Page 106 3.3 Linear Block Codes......Page 114 3.4 Cyclic Codes......Page 118 3.5 Bounds on Minimum Distance......Page 134 3.6 Minimum Distance Decoding......Page 139 3.7 Information Set Decoding......Page 140 3.8 Hamming Codes......Page 148 3.9 Reed-Solomon Codes......Page 151 3.10 BCH Codes......Page 153 3.11 Decoding of BCH Codes......Page 155 3.12 Sudan Algorithm and Its Extensions......Page 159 3.13 LDPC Codes......Page 166 3.13.1 LDPC Constructions......Page 168 3.13.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes......Page 174 References......Page 177 4.1 Convolutional Codes Representation and Encoding......Page 181 4.2 Viterbi Decoding Algorithm......Page 189 4.2.1 Hard Decision Viterbi Algorithm......Page 190 4.2.2 Soft Decision Viterbi Algorithm......Page 194 4.4 Upper Bound on Bit Error Probability for Viterbi Decoding......Page 198 4.5 Sequential Decoding......Page 203 4.5.1 Stack Algorithm......Page 204 4.5.2 Fano Algorithm......Page 207 4.6 Parallel-Concatenated Convolutional Codes and Soft Input Soft Output Decoding......Page 210 4.7.1 MAP Algorithm and Its Variants......Page 215 4.7.2 Soft-In/Soft-Out Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA)......Page 221 References......Page 225 4.A Modified Chernoff Bound and Some Applications......Page 226 References......Page 239 5 Equalization......Page 241 5.1 Equalization with Filtering......Page 242 5.1.1 Zero-Forcing Equalization......Page 246 5.1.2 MMSE Equalization......Page 248 5.1.3 DFE......Page 253 5.2.1 MLSE Equalization......Page 259 5.2.2 Sphere Detection......Page 262 5.3 RAKE Receiver......Page 271 5.4 Turbo Equalization......Page 274 5.5 Performance Comparison......Page 279 References......Page 281 6.1.1 Basic Concepts......Page 283 6.1.2 Stop-and-Wait ARQ......Page 285 6.1.3 ARQ with N Steps Back (Go Back N, GBN)......Page 287 6.1.4 ARQ with Selective Repeat (SR)......Page 288 6.2.1 Type-I Hybrid ARQ (Chase Combining)......Page 289 6.2.2 Type-II Hybrid ARQ (Full IR)......Page 290 6.2.3 Type-III Hybrid ARQ (Partial IR)......Page 293 References......Page 295 7.1 Principle of Coded Modulation......Page 297 7.1.1 Illustrative Example......Page 300 7.2 Modulation Mapping by Signal Set Partitioning......Page 302 7.3 Ungerboeck Codes......Page 305 7.4.1 Squared Distance Structure of PSK and QAM Constellations......Page 307 7.4.2 Upper Bound on Error Event Probability and Bit Error Probability for TCM......Page 309 References......Page 319 8.1.1 Fading in Narrowband Channels......Page 321 8.1.2 Fading Countermeasures: Diversity......Page 323 8.1.3 MIMO Channel model......Page 326 8.2.1 Maximum Ratio Combining......Page 330 8.2.2 Definition of Space-Time Codes......Page 331 8.2.3 Space-Time Codes with Two Transmitting Antennas......Page 332 8.2.4 Construction Criteria for Space-Time Codes......Page 334 8.3.1 Real Orthogonal Designs......Page 337 8.3.2 Complex Orthogonal Designs......Page 339 8.3.3 Decoding of Space-Time Codes......Page 343 8.3.4 Error Probability for Orthogonal Space-Time Codes......Page 346 8.4.1 Space-Time Trellis Codes......Page 347 8.4.2 Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes......Page 350 8.5 Differential Space-Time Codes......Page 354 8.6.1 General Concepts......Page 357 8.6.2 V-BLAST......Page 359 8.6.3 D-BLAST......Page 361 8.6.4 Turbo-BLAST......Page 362 8.7 Beamforming......Page 364 References......Page 368 9 Multiple Access Methods......Page 371 9.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access......Page 373 9.1.1 Spectral Reuse......Page 375 9.1.2 OFDMA......Page 376 9.1.3 SC-FDMA......Page 378 9.2 Time Division Multiple Access......Page 379 9.3.1 Direct-Sequence CDMA......Page 380 9.3.2 Frequency-Hopping CDMA......Page 386 9.4.1 Multicarrier CDMA......Page 387 9.4.2 Random OFDMA......Page 388 9.4.3 DHA-FH-CDMA......Page 389 9.5 Random Access Multiple Access Methods......Page 391 References......Page 396 10.1 IEEE Overview......Page 401 10.2 Standard Development Process......Page 404 10.3 IEEE 802.11 Working Group......Page 405 10.4 IEEE 802.16 Working Group......Page 406 10.5.2 Frequency Plan......Page 408 10.5.3 Reference Model......Page 409 10.5.4 Architecture......Page 410 10.5.5 802.11a......Page 411 10.5.6 802.11b......Page 412 10.5.7 802.11g......Page 414 10.5.8 802.11n......Page 415 10.5.9 Future Developments......Page 417 10.6.1 Key PHY Features of the IEEE 802.16e......Page 418 10.6.2 IEEE 802.16m......Page 420 References......Page 448 11.1.1 General......Page 449 11.1.3 Organization of TSG RAN......Page 450 11.1.4 Standardization Process......Page 451 11.1.5 3GPP Releases......Page 452 11.2 3G WCDMA......Page 453 11.2.1 WCDMA Concept Logical, Transport and Physical Channels......Page 454 11.2.2 Logical and Transport Channels......Page 455 11.2.3 Physical Channels......Page 460 11.2.4 Coding, Spreading and Modulation......Page 479 11.2.6 Power Control Procedures......Page 496 11.2.7 Handover Procedures......Page 499 11.2.8 Transmit Diversity......Page 506 11.3.1 HSDPA......Page 510 11.3.2 HSUPA......Page 556 11.3.3 CPC......Page 594 11.4.1 LTE Downlink......Page 597 11.4.2 LTE Uplink......Page 612 References......Page 622 12.1.1 IS-95 Family of Standards (cdmaOne)......Page 625 12.1.2 IS-2000 Family of Standards......Page 626 12.2.1 Reverse Channel Structure......Page 631 12.2.2 Forward Error Correction (FEC)......Page 632 12.2.3 Codeword Symbols Repetition......Page 635 12.2.5 Block Interleaving......Page 638 12.2.7 Direct Sequence Spreading and Quadrature Spreading......Page 639 12.2.8 Frame Quality Indicator......Page 642 12.3.1 Forward Channel Structure......Page 643 12.3.2 Forward Error Correction......Page 645 12.3.3 Codeword Symbols Repetition......Page 649 12.3.7 Data Scrambling......Page 650 12.4 Architecture Model of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard......Page 651 12.4.2 FCS Computation......Page 652 12.5.2 Reverse Channel Structure......Page 653 12.5.4 Access Channel......Page 654 12.5.5 Reverse Traffic Channel......Page 656 12.5.6 Encoding......Page 660 12.5.8 Quadrature Spreading......Page 661 12.6.1 Forward Channel Structure......Page 663 12.6.4 Forward MAC Channel......Page 665 12.6.6 Forward Traffic Channel......Page 667 12.6.8 Quadrature Spreading......Page 671 References......Page 674 Index......Page 675

The high level of technical detail included in standards specifications can make it difficult to find the correlation between the standard specifications and the theoretical results. This book aims to cover both of these elements to give accessible information and support to readers. It explains the current and future trends on communication theory and shows how these developments are implemented in contemporary wireless communication standards.

Examining modulation, coding and multiple access techniques, the book is divided into two major sections to cover these functions. The two-stage approach first treats the basics of modulation and coding theory before highlighting how these concepts are defined and implemented in modern wireless communication systems. Part 1 is devoted to the presentation of main L1 procedures and methods including modulation, coding, channel equalization and multiple access techniques. In Part 2, the uses of these procedures and methods in the wide range of wireless communication standards including WLAN, WiMax, WCDMA, HSPA, LTE and cdma2000 are considered.

• An essential study of the implementation of modulation and coding techniques in modern standards of wireless communication
• Bridges the gap between the modulation coding theory and the wireless communications standards material
• Divided into two parts to systematically tackle the topic - the first part develops techniques which are then applied and tailored to real world systems in the second part
• Covers special aspects of coding theory and how these can be effectively applied to improve the performance of wireless communications systems

Front Matter Channel Models and Reliable Communication / Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, Jussi Poikonen Modulation / Sergei Semenov Block Codes / Grigorii Kabatiansky, Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, Sergei Semenov Convolutional Codes and Turbo-Codes / Sergei Semenov, Andrey Trofimov Appendix 4.A: Modified Chernoff Bound and Some Applications / Andrey Trofimov Equalization / Sergei Semenov ARQ / Evgenii Krouk Coded Modulation / Andrei Trofimov MIMO / Andrei Ovchinnikov, Sergei Semenov Multiple Access Methods / Dmitry Osipov, Jarkko Paavola, Jussi Poikonen Standardization in IEEE 802.11, 802.16 / Tuomas Laine, Zexian Li, Andrei Malkov, Prabodh Varshney Standardization in 3GPP / Asbj̜rn Gr̜vlen, Kari Hooli, Matti Jokimies, Kari Pajukoski, Sergei Semenov, Esa Tiirola CDMA2000 and Its Evolution / Andrei Ovchinnikov.