Modernity in Health and Disease Diagnosis: The Account from STEM Women (Sustainable Development Goals Series)

This book gathers contributions highlighting the role of women in science, with a focus on health and disease. Women have contributed in no small way to the wealth of knowledge and discoveries in various aspects of health. The 21st century has been dubbed the "Knowledge Economy" due to a substantial increase in the accessibility of information, leading individuals to become more knowledgeable and well-rounded. Given the fact that irrespective of the field of study, knowledge eventually decays, more women in the 21st century have been at the forefront extending the frontiers of knowledge in the field of STEMM (Science Technology Engineering Mathematics Medicine) - engaging in rigorous research and making significant contributions in the field. Letting their voices heard through their well-researched published studies is a significant way of encouraging other upcoming women scientist and bringing advances in disease diagnosis to achieve SDG3. The contributions in this book aim to increase visibility of women in the field of science and to serve as a source of inspiration to everyone. Foreword Acknowledgments Contents List of Contributors 1: Introduction References 2: Paradigm Shift in Health-Related Academic Research with Cloud Computing 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Cloud and Computing in the Cloud 2.3 Cloud Computing’s History 2.3.1 Cloud Computing Infrastructure 2.3.2 Cloud Infrastructure Components 2.3.3 Cloud Computing Basic Concepts 2.4 Models of Cloud Computing Deployment 2.4.1 Public Cloud 2.4.2 Private Cloud 2.4.3 Hybrid Cloud 2.4.4 Community Cloud 2.4.5 Models of Cloud Computing Services 2.5 Cloud Computing Benefits 2.5.1 Health-Related Academic Research Benefits of Cloud Computing 2.5.2 Cloud Computing Contribution to the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 3 2.6 Cloud Service Providers in the Top Ten 2.7 Computing Platforms in the Cloud 2.8 Conclusion References 3: Significance of Nutritional Etiquette to Women’s Health 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nutritional Etiquette 3.2.1 Eating Right 3.3 Periodic Self-Assessment of Nutritional Status Using Anthropometry 3.4 Good Hydration 3.5 Regular Exercises 3.6 Conclusion References 4: Women at Greater Risk of Alzheimer’s: Way Forward 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Alzheimer’s Disproportionately Affects Women than Men 4.3 Brief History of Alzheimer’s Disease 4.4 The Hallmarks of Alzheimer’s 4.5 Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease 4.5.1 Non-modifiable Risk Factors 4.5.2 Modifiable Risk Factors 4.6 Evidence-Based Study on the Sex Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease 4.7 Facts about Women 4.8 Facts about Women and Alzheimer’s 4.9 Factors that Place Women at Greater Risk 4.10 The Factors that Contribute Greatly 4.11 Way Forward: Change in Lifestyle Can Reverse or Slow the Early Onset of Alzheimer’s 4.12 Implication for SDG 3 4.12.1 SDG3, Target 3.3 4.12.2 Target 3.7 4.12.3 Target 3.8 4.12.4 Target 3.9 4.13 Conclusion References 5: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence Technology for Effective Early Diagnosis: Heart Issues 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Machine Learning 5.2.1 Supervised Learning 5.2.2 Unsupervised Learning 5.2.3 Reinforcement Learning 5.3 Deep Learning 5.4 Technical and Application Fields of Artificial Intelligence 5.5 Overview of the Heart 5.6 Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology 5.7 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Heart Attack Diagnosis 5.8 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Cardiac Amyloidosis Diagnosis 5.9 Conclusion References 6: Antimalarial Drug Resistance and Vulnerable Groups 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Treatment of Malaria 6.3 Antimalarial Drug Resistance 6.4 Causes of Antimalarial Drug Resistance 6.5 Vulnerable Groups 6.6 Resistance and Immune Status of the Patient 6.7 Mechanisms of Antimalarial Drug Resistance 6.8 Detecting Resistance 6.9 Implications of Antimalarial Drug Resistance to Public Health 6.10 Approaches to Fighting Resistance 6.11 Conclusion References 7: Enhancing Healthcare Through Automation and Robotics 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Overview of Automation and Robotics 7.3 Automation 7.3.1 Areas of Application of Automation 7.4 Robotics 7.4.1 Types/Applications of Robots 7.4.2 Types of Medical Robots (Intel 2020a) 7.5 Automation and Robotics in Healthcare 7.5.1 Applications of Automation in Healthcare 7.5.2 Application of Robotics in Healthcare 7.6 Challenges/Ethical Issues of Medical Automation and Robotics 7.7 The Future of Medical Automation and Robotics 7.8 Conclusion References 8: Naturally Derived Surfactants for Healthy Food Formulation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Naturally Derived Surfactants 8.3 Classification of Naturally Derived Surfactants 8.3.1 Naturally Derived Cationic Surfactant 8.3.2 Naturally Derived Anionic Surfactant 8.3.3 Naturally Derived Nonionic Surfactant 8.3.4 Naturally Derived Zwitterionic Surfactant 8.4 Characterization of Naturally Derived Surfactants 8.4.1 Emulsions in Food Formulation 8.4.1.1 Oil-in-Water Emulsion 8.4.1.2 Water-in-Oil Emulsion 8.4.1.3 Water-in-Oil-in-Water Emulsion 8.4.2 Micellization of Naturally Derived Surfactants 8.4.3 Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance 8.4.4 Inter-Micellar Interactions of Naturally Derived Surfactants 8.5 Utilization of Naturally Derived Surfactants 8.6 Conclusion References 9: Rethinking Agenda 2063: Leveraging STEM Women’s Empowerment for Food Security in a Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Era 9.1 Introduction 9.2 How Can this be Achieved? 9.2.1 Direct Empowerment of STEM Women 9.2.2 Empowered STEM Women Transfer the Knowledge and Skill to Others 9.3 Conclusion References 10: Antimicrobial Resistance: A Collective Responsibility 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Antimicrobial Resistance Development 10.3 Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistance 10.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility: The African Story 10.5 Combating Antimicrobial Resistance 10.5.1 Role of Healthcare Personnel 10.5.2 Role of Pharmacists and Pharmacy Services 10.5.3 Role of Drugstores 10.5.4 Role of the Public 10.5.5 Role of the Agriculture Sector 10.5.6 Role of Educators 10.6 Conclusion References 11: Accessing Library Information Services in Public Health Emergencies 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Information Cycle 11.1.2 Misinformation 11.2 The Challenge of Information Management in the Modern World 11.3 Importance of Librarianship 11.4 Accessing Library Information in Public Health Emergencies 11.4.1 Know Your Library and Librarian (Reference Librarian) 11.4.2 Community Collaborations (Town and Gown) 11.4.3 Library Subscriptions (Websites and Mobile Applications) 11.5 Conclusion 11.6 Recommendations References 12: Human Gut Microbiome: Its Role in Health and Development 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Development of the Gut Microbiome 12.3 Roles of the Human Gut Microbiome 12.4 Conditions Linked to Dysbiosis in the Human Gut Microbiome 12.4.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 12.4.2 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 12.4.3 Diabetes and Obesity 12.4.4 Cardiovascular Disease 12.4.5 Clostridium difficile Colitis/Gastrointestinal Cancers 12.4.6 Celiac Disease 12.5 Factors that Impact the Human Gut Microbiome 12.5.1 Diet 12.5.2 Pharmaceuticals 12.5.3 Geographical Locations 12.5.4 Lifecycle Stages 12.5.5 Birthing Process 12.5.6 Lifestyle 12.6 Maintaining a Healthy Human Gut Microbiome 12.7 Conclusion References 13: Chemical Safety and Chemical Security: A Guide to Preventing Health Hazards 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Definition of Terms 13.1.1.1 Chemicals 13.1.2 Health Hazards 13.1.3 Chemical Safety 13.1.4 Chemical Security 13.2 Relationship Between Chemical Safety and Chemical Security 13.2.1 Chemical Safety Centers on 13.2.2 Conflict Between Chemical Safety and Chemical Security 13.2.3 Resolution of Conflict Between Chemical Safety and Chemical Security 13.3 Why Chemical Safety and Chemical Security Awareness? 13.4 Some Common Use Chemicals and their Health Hazards 13.5 Who Is Vulnerable to Chemical Health Hazards? 13.6 Vulnerability Assessment 13.6.1 What Are the Areas of Vulnerability? 13.6.1.1 In our Homes, Vulnerabilities May Include 13.6.1.2 In a Research or Laboratory Facility 13.7 World Concern for Chemical Safety and Chemical Security 13.7.1 How do Chemicals Get to Society? 13.7.2 Dual-Use Chemicals 13.8 Guides to Preventing Health Hazards 13.9 Some Useful First Aid Tips to Apply in Chemical Hazard Emergencies 13.10 Conclusion References 14: Chemical Leaching into Food and the Environment Poses Health Hazards 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Plastics Are Classified According to Physical and Chemical Properties 14.2.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE) 14.2.2 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 14.2.3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or Vinyl) 14.2.4 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 14.2.5 Polypropylene (PP) 14.2.6 Expanded Polystyrene and Polystyrene (PS or Styrofoam) 14.2.7 Polycarbonate and Other Materials 14.3 Plastics Are Classified According to Size 14.4 Sources of Plastic Leaching 14.4.1 Plastic Leachate Is Released through Personal Care Products 14.4.2 Plastic Leachates Are Released From Wastewater Treatment Plants 14.4.3 Marine Debris Are Carriers of Plastic Leachate 14.4.4 Plastic Leachate Released in Common Household Products 14.4.5 Plastic Leachates’ Unique Properties Make Them Vectors for Various Priority Contaminants 14.4.6 Plastic Leachate through some Agricultural Practices 14.5 Pathways of Exposure to Plastic Pollution 14.5.1 Inhalation 14.5.2 Oral 14.5.3 Dermal 14.6 Additives Used in Plastic Production Are a Major Factor in Chemical Leaching 14.6.1 Effect of Bisphenol a 14.6.2 Phthalates 14.6.3 Brominated Flame Retardants 14.7 Soil Physical and Chemical Properties Influencing Plastic Leaching 14.8 Health Issues Associated with Plastic Leaching 14.8.1 Humans 14.8.2 Aquatic Organisms 14.8.3 Soil Organisms 14.9 Plastic Pollution and Sustainable Development Goals: A Nexus for Human and Economic Development 14.10 Remedy for Plastic Leaching Health Effect 14.10.1 Bioplastics 14.10.2 Alternatives to Plastics 14.10.3 Plastic Recycling 14.10.4 Technological Tools for Detecting and Cleaning up Plastics 14.11 Conclusion References