مدل‌سازی پرنده پرنده (سری اکولوژی نظری) (جلد 5)

This book outlines the principles of flight, of birds in particular. It describes a way of simplifying the mechanics of flight into a practical computer program, which will predict in some detail what any bird, real or hypothetical, can and cannot do. The Flight program, presented on the companion website, generates performance curves for flapping and gliding flight, and simulations of long-distance migration and accounts successfully for the consumption of muscles and other tissues during migratory flights. The program is effectively a working model of a flying bird (or bat or pterosaur) and is the skeleton around which the book is built. The book provides a wider background and then explains how Flight works and shows how to set up and test hypotheses generated by the program. The book and the program are based on adapting the conventional (and well-tested) thinking of aeronautical engineers to the biological problems of bird flight. Their primary aim is to convince biologists that this is the appropriate way to handle problems that involve flight, to make the engineering background accessible to biologists, and to provide a tool kit in the shape of the Flight program, which they can use to solve practical problems involving bird flight and migration. In addition, the book will be readily accessible to engineers who want to know how birds work, and should be of interest to the ever-growing community working on flapping "micro air vehicles" (MAVs). The program can be used to predict the flight performance and capabilities of reconstructed fossil birds and pterosaurs, flying in ancient atmospheres that differ from present conditions, and also, of course, to predict and account for the results of experiments and observations on living birds and bats. \* An up to date work by the world's leading expert on bird flight \* Examines the biology and biomechanics of bird flight with added reference to the flight of bats and pterosaurs. \* Uses proven aeronautical principles to help solve biological issues in understanding and predicting the flight capabilities of birds and other vertebrates. \* Provides insights into the evolution of flight and the likely capabilities of extinct birds and reptiles. \* Gives a detailed explanation of the science behind, and use of, the author's predictive bird flight simulation program - Flight - which is available on a companion website. \* Presents often difficult concepts in easily understood language. This book outlines the principles of flight, of birds in particular. It describes a way of simplifying the mechanics of flight into a practical computer program, which will predict in some detail what any bird, real or hypothetical, can and cannot do. The Flight program, presented on the companion website, generates performance curves for flapping and gliding flight, and simulations of long-distance migration and accounts successfully for the consumption of muscles and other tissues during migratory flights. The program is effectively a working model of a flying bird (or bat or pterosaur) and is the skeleton around which the book is built. The book provides a wider background and then explains how Flight works and shows how to set up and test hypotheses generated by the program.

The book and the program are based on adapting the conventional (and well-tested) thinking of aeronautical engineers to the biological problems of bird flight. Their primary aim is to convince biologists that this is the appropriate way to handle problems that involve flight, to make the engineering background accessible to biologists, and to provide a tool kit in the shape of the Flight program, which they can use to solve practical problems involving bird flight and migration. In addition, the book will be readily accessible to engineers who want to know how birds work, and should be of interest to the ever-growing community working on flapping "micro air vehicles" (MAVs). The program can be used to predict the flight performance and capabilities of reconstructed fossil birds and pterosaurs, flying in ancient atmospheres that differ from present conditions, and also, of course, to predict and account for the results of experiments and observations on living birds and bats.




* An up to date work by the world's leading expert on bird flight
* Examines the biology and biomechanics of bird flight with added reference to the flight of bats and pterosaurs.
* Uses proven aeronautical principles to help solve biological issues in understanding and predicting the flight capabilities of birds and other vertebrates.
* Provides insights into the evolution of flight and the likely capabilities of extinct birds and reptiles.
* Gives a detailed explanation of the science behind, and use of, the author's predictive bird flight simulation program - Flight - which is available on a companion website.
* Presents often difficult concepts in easily understood language.
Content: Preface Pages ix-x Colin Pennycuick Foreword Page xi C.J. Pennycuick Acknowledgements Pages xiii-xiv Colin Pennycuick Chapter 1 Background to the Model Review Article Pages 1-20 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 2 The Flight Environment Review Article Pages 21-36 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 3 Mechanics of Level Flight Review Article Pages 37-78 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 4 Vortices and Vortex Wakes Review Article Pages 79-103 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 5 The Feathered Wings Of Birds Review Article Pages 105-134 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 6 The Membrane Wings of Bats and Pterosaurs Review Article Pages 135-160 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 7 Muscles as Engines Review Article Pages 161-207 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 8 Simulating Long‐Distance Migration Review Article Pages 209-244 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 9 Accelerated Flight and Manoeuvring Review Article Pages 245-269 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 10 Gliding Flight and Soaring Review Article Pages 271-304 C.J. Pennycuick Information Systems for Flying Animals Review Article Pages 305-331 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 12 Water Birds Review Article Pages 333-349 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 13 Allometry Review Article Pages 351-376 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 14 Wind Tunnel Experiments With Birds And Bats Review Article Pages 377-407 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 15 Theory as the Basis For Observation Review Article Pages 409-441 C.J. Pennycuick Chapter 16 Evolution of Flight Review Article Pages 443-462 C.J. Pennycuick References Review Article Pages 463-470 C.J. Pennycuick Index Pages 471-480 "Colin Pennycuick has been modelling bird flight for many years. In this book he explains his Flight program, and outlines the mechanics of flight as applied to birds and other flying vertebrates. The first half covers the power requirements for flapping flight, and relates the performance limitations of bird, bat and pterosaur wings to their different mechanical structure, and to the characteristics of the sliding-filament muscle engine, which is common to all vertebrates. Each chapter consists of an equation-free main text, supplemented by boxes for technical or specialised topics, including the equations used by the program to generate performance curves for flapping and gliding flight of particular species. The program also performs numerical simulations of long-distance migration, taking account of the consumption of both fat and muscle tissue in flight, and these are analysed in detail. Later chapters cover manoeuvring flight, gliding and soaring (including the flight of albatrosses), the sensory requirements of flight, special adaptations of water birds, allometry and wind tunnel methods. Finally, the evolution of animal flight is revisited in the light of the history of aeronautics, and of the principles presented in the book."--Jacket