Modelling and Simulation of Complex Systems for Sustainable Energy Efficiency : Contributions to the First International Workshop on Modelling and Simulation of Complex Systems for Sustainable Energy Efficiency, MOSCOSSEE’2021, February 25-26, 2021

This book provides readers with an overview of recent theories and methods for studying complex mechanical systems used in energy production, such as wind turbines, but not limited to them. The emphasis is put on strategies for increasing energy efficiency, and on recent industrial applications. Topics cover dynamics and vibration, vibroacoustics, engineering design, modelling and simulation, fault diagnostics, signal processing and prognostics. The book is based on peer-review contributions and invited talks presented at the first International Workshop on MOdelling and Simulation of COmplex Systems for Sustainable Energy Efficiency, MOSCOSSEE 2021, held online on February 25-26, 2021, and organized by the LAboratory of Mechanics, Modelling and Production (LA2MP) from University of Sfax, Tunisia and the Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical engineering, Centre of Asset Integrity Management (C-AIM) from University of Pretoria, South Africa. By offering authoritative information on innovative methods and tools for application in renewable energy production, it provides a valuable resource to both academics and professionals, and a bridge to facilitate communication between the two groups. Preface Contents Numerical Assessment of the Structural Performance of a Segmented Wind Turbine Blade 1 Introduction 2 Blade Finite Element Modeling 3 Structural Performance Assessment 4 Conclusion References Identifiability Considerations for Rotating Machine Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis 1 Introduction 2 Identifiability for Condition Monitoring 2.1 The Condition Monitoring Problem 2.2 Identifiability Problem 3 Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis 3.1 Overview of Diagnosis and Prognosis Steps 3.2 Damage Detection 3.3 Damage Component Identification 3.4 Damage Mode Identification 3.5 Fault Severity Quantification 3.6 Remaining Useful Life (RUL) Estimation 4 Proposed Requirements for Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis Methods 5 Conclusions References Comparative Study Between Experimental and Theoretical Frictional Power Losses of a Geared System 1 Introduction 2 Geared System Model 3 Experimental set-up 4 Experimental and theoretical results 5 Conclusion References Early Damage Detection in Planetary Gear Transmission in Down-Time Regime 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Test Bench 3 Results 4 Conclusion References The Role of Untangled Latent Spaces in Unsupervised Learning Applied to Condition-Based Maintenance 1 The Intersection Between Signal Processing and Learning Models 2 Process of Lower-Dimensional Representations 3 Supervised, Semi-supervised and Unsupervised Learning 4 Unsupervised Generative Learning with Chronologically Sorted Data 4.1 Auto-associative Learning 4.2 Generative Adversarial Learning 5 Latent Representations 6 Conclusions References Modal Analysis of the Differential Bevel Gear with Uncertainties 1 Introduction 2 Dynamic Model of the Differential Mechanism 3 Dynamic Equations of the System 4 Modal Analysis of the Differential System with Uncertainties 4.1 Representation of the Random Variables 4.2 Response Surface by Polynomial Chaos Expansion 4.3 Stochastic Eigenvalue Problem Formulation 4.4 Stochastic Method to Solve Stochastic Eigenvalue Problem 5 Numerical Results 6 Conclusion References Effect of Non-linear Suspension on the Recognition of the Road Disturbance 1 Introduction 2 Two Axle Vehicle Model 3 Identification Technique: ICA 4 Numerical Results 5 Conclusion References Learning-Based Methods for Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring 1 Introduction to Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring 2 Introduction to Learning-Based Techniques 2.1 Supervised Learning 2.2 Unsupervised Learning 3 Learning-Based Techniques in Condition Monitoring 3.1 Time-Series Data Processing 3.2 Approaches in Supervised Learning 3.3 The Data Labelling Problem 3.4 Metrics and Applications of Latent Variable Models 4 Conclusion References Parametric Study for PCM-Based Heat Sinks: A Numerical Investigation 1 Introduction 2 Studied Cooling System Model: Governing Equations 3 Numerical Results: Physical Description of the Problem 4 Parametric Analysis 4.1 PCM Selection 4.2 Pin Diameter Variation 4.3 Power Level Variation 5 Adopted Parameters for the Studied Cooling System 6 Conclusion References Modeling and Simulation of a Swarm Robot Application Using MBSE Method and Multi-agent Technology: Monitoring Oil Spills 1 Introduction 1.1 Swarm Robotics Criteria 1.2 Swarm Robotics Advantages 1.3 Swarm Robotics Applications 2 Design Methods 2.1 Model-Based Systems Engineering MBSE 2.2 Multi-Agent Simulation MAS 2.3 Sustainable Energy Efficiency of Swarm Robots 3 Case Study: Oil Spill Monitoring 3.1 Requirement Specification 3.2 Functional Architecture 3.3 Swarm Simulation 3.4 Structural architecture 4 Conclusion References Diagnosis and Prognosis of Mechanical Components Using Hybrid Methods 1 Introduction 2 Diagnosis and Prognosis Using Condition Monitoring Data 3 Hybrid Methods for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Mechanical Components 3.1 Diagnosis: Estimating Current Damage 3.2 Improved Diagnosis: Bayesian Inference Methods 3.3 Prognosis: Estimating RUL 4 Future Aspects of Hybrid Methods 5 Conclusion References Time Domain Identification of Multi-stage Planetary Gearbox Characteristic Frequencies Using Piezoelectric Strain Sensor 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Time Domain Identification 4 Conclusion References Study of the Stiffness of a Polymer Pinion Tooth in a Polymer-Metallic Spur Gear System 1 Introduction 2 Generalized Maxwell Model (GMM) 3 Application of the GMM to Model the Polymer Gear Viscoelastic Behaviour 4 Numerical Results 5 Conclusion References Generalized Prototype Bootstrapping for Nonlinear System Identification in an Accelerated Fatigue Testing Context 1 Introduction 2 Sampling 3 System Identification 4 Simulations 5 Prototype-Based Bootstrapping 5.1 Generating the Initial Signal 5.2 Finding Prototypes 5.3 Generating New Input Signals 6 Numerical Experiments 6.1 Half-Car Model Excited by a Road 6.2 Response Reconstruction When a Model Error is Present 6.3 Importance of Regularization in PBM 7 Conclusion References Adaptive On-Line Estimation of Road Profile in Semi-active Suspension 1 Introduction 2 Scheme of Road Profile Estimation 3 Estimator of Vehicle Parameters 4 Numerical Simulation 5 Conclusion References A Parametric Study to Investigate the Dynamic Behavior of Worm Gear with Plastic Wheel 1 Introduction 2 Dynamic Model 3 Modelling of viscoelasticity’s Parameters in the Frequency Domain 4 Numerical Simulation 5 Conclusion References A Review of Singular Spectral Analysis to Extract Components from Gearbox Data 1 Introduction 2 Singular Spectral Analysis (SSA) 2.1 Embedding 2.2 Lagged Covariances 2.3 Decomposition 2.4 Reconstruction 2.5 Decomposed Sources 3 Experimental Case Study 3.1 SSA of the Experimental Signal 4 Conclusion References Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Frequency Responses of Sandwich Structures 1 Introduction 2 Geometrical and Material Properties 3 Numerical Models 4 Comparison Between Numerical and Experimental Results 4.1 Cantilever Beam Structure 4.2 Membrane Structure 5 Conclusion References Hybrid Diagnostics and Prognostics of Planetary Gearboxes 1 Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring of Planetary Gearboxes 2 Motivation for Hybrid Methods 3 Considerations for Using Hybrid Methods for Planetary Gearbox Prognostics 3.1 Hybrid Framework 3.2 Pre-processing of the Measured Vibration Signal 3.3 Physics-Based Modelling 3.4 Model Calibration and Health State Estimation 3.5 Remaining Useful Life Prediction 4 Recommendation for Future Work in Hybrid Prognostics of Planetary Gearboxes 5 Conclusion References Vibration Analysis of Planetary Gear Connected by Flexible Coupling Using Substructuring Methodology 1 Introduction 2 Receptance Coupling Theory 2.1 Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) 2.2 Receptance Coupling Method 3 Studied System 4 Numerical Applications 4.1 Coupling Stiffness Effect on the Coupled Subsystem (B) FRF 4.2 Coupling Stiffness Effect on the Coupled Subsystem (A) FRF 5 Conclusion References A Comparison Between Independent Component Analysis and Established Signal Processing Methods for Gearbox Fault Diagnosis Under Time-Varying Operating Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Independent Component Analysis (ICA) 3 Established Signal Processing Methods 3.1 Synchronous Statistics (SS) 3.2 Squared Envelope Spectrum (SES) 3.3 Order-Frequency Spectral Coherence (OFSCoh) 3.4 Integrated Squared OFSCoh 4 Experimental Case Study 4.1 Measurement 1 4.2 Measurement 2 4.3 Quantitative Comparison 5 Conclusion References Simulation of the Acoustic Fields and Directivities Radiated from a Set of Elementary Sources 1 Introduction 2 Acoustic Radiation from Elementary Sources 2.1 Case of Two Point Sources 2.2 Case of Four Punctual Sources 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Combination of Two Point Sources 3.2 Combination of Four Point Sources 3.3 Influence of the Distance Between the Sources 4 Conclusion References Time Synchronous Averaging Based Detection of Bearing Defects 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Update of TSA 2.2 Approach for the Early Detection of Bearing Defects 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Dynamic Model Simulation 3.2 Pre-processing 3.3 Features Extraction 3.4 Classification 4 Conclusion References A Short Review of Gear Fault Modelling in a Hybrid Modelling Context 1 Introduction 2 The Potential Energy Method 3 Development of Gear Fault Modelling 3.1 Crack Fault Modelling 3.2 Broken Tooth Modelling 3.3 Chip Modelling 3.4 Spalling Fault Modelling 3.5 Surface Pit Modelling 4 Prospects for Gear Fault Modelling Going Forward References Author Index