مدل‌سازی یونوسفر-ترموسفر (مجموعه مونوگرافی‌های ژئوفیزیکی)

**Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 201.**__Modeling the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System__ brings together for the first time a detailed description of the physics of the IT system in conjunction with numerical techniques to solve the complex system of equations that describe the system, as well as issues of current interest. Volume highlights include discussions of: * Physics of the ionosphere and thermosphere IT system, and the numerical methods to solve the basic equations of the IT system * The physics and numerical methods to determine the global electrodynamics of the IT system * The response of the IT system to forcings from below (i.e., the lower atmosphere) and from above (i.e., the magnetosphere) * The physics and numerical methods to model ionospheric irregularities * Data assimilation techniques, comparison of model results to data, climate variability studies, and applications to space weather Providing a clear description of the physics of this system in several tutorial-like articles, __Modeling the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System__ is of value to the upper atmosphere science community in general. Chapters describing details of the numerical methods used to solve the equations that describe the IT system make the volume useful to both active researchers in the field and students. Cover 1 Introduction 8 Ionosphere-Thermosphere Physics: Current Status and Problems 9 Physical Characteristics and Modeling of Earth’s Thermosphere 19 Solar Cycle Changes in the Photochemistry of the Ionosphere and Thermosphere 34 Energetics and Composition in the Thermosphere 43 Numerical Methods in Modeling the Ionosphere 53 Ionospheric Electrodynamics Modeling 60 The NCAR TIE-GCM: A Community Model of the Coupled Thermosphere/Ionosphere System 75 The Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model and the Nonhydrostatic Processes 86 Traveling Atmospheric Disturbance and Gravity Wave Coupling in the Thermosphere 102 Air Force Low-Latitude Ionospheric Model in Support of the C/NOFS Mission 108 Long-Term Simulations of the Ionosphere Using SAMI3 119 Comparative Studies of Theoretical Models in the Equatorial Ionosphere 132 Systematic Evaluation of Ionosphere/Thermosphere (IT) Models: CEDAR Electrodynamics Thermosphere Ionosphere (ETI) Challenge (2009–2010) 144 Aspects of Coupling Processes in the Ionosphere and Thermosphere 160 Use of NOGAPS-ALPHA as a Bottom Boundary for the NCAR/TIEGCM 169 WACCM-X Simulation of Tidal and Planetary Wave Variability in the Upper Atmosphere 179 Inductive-Dynamic Coupling of the Ionosphere With the Thermosphere and the Magnetosphere 198 Ionospheric Irregularities: Frontiers 213 Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Equatorial Spread F: Results and Diagnostics in the Peruvian Sector 237 Density and Temperature Structure of Equatorial Spread F Plumes 247 Low-Latitude Ionosphere and Thermosphere: Decadal Observations From the CHAMP Mission 255 Upper Atmosphere Data Assimilation With an Ensemble Kalman Filter 269 Scientific Investigations Using IDA4D and EMPIRE 279 Customers and Requirements for Ionosphere Products and Services 294 Model-Based Inversion of Auroral Processes 303 AGU Category Index 316 Index 317 Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 201. Modeling the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System brings together for the first time a detailed description of the physics of the IT system in conjunction with numerical techniques to solve the complex system of equations that describe the system, as well as issues of current interest. Volume highlights include discussions of: Physics of the ionosphere and thermosphere IT system, and the numerical methods to solve the basic equations of the IT system The physics and numerical methods to determine the global electrodynamics of the IT system The response of the IT system to forcings from below (i.e., the lower atmosphere) and from above (i.e., the magnetosphere) The physics and numerical methods to model ionospheric irregularities Data assimilation techniques, comparison of model results to data, climate variability studies, and applications to space weather Providing a clear description of the physics of this system in several tutorial-like articles, Modeling the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System is of value to the upper atmosphere science community in general. Chapters describing details of the numerical methods used to solve the equations that describe the IT system make the volume useful to both active researchers in the field and students.