Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environnments: Second International Workshop, MELT 2009, Orlando, FL, USA, September 30, 2009, Proceedings ... Applications, incl. Internet Web, and HCI)

Annotation This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the second International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environnments, MELT, held in Orlando, Florida, USA, in September 2009 in conjunction with the 11th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp 2009). MELT is a forum for the state-of-the-art technologies in mobile localization and tracking and novel applications of location-based services. The research contributions in these proceedings cover significant aspects of localization and tracking of mobile devices that include techniques suitable for smart phones and mobile sensor networks in both outdoor and indoor environments using diverse sensors and radio signals. Novel theoretical methods, algorithmic design and analysis, application development, and experimental studies are presented in 14 papers that were reviewed carefully by the program committee. In addition, three invited papers, with topics on location determination using RF systems, Cramer-Rao-Bound analysis for indoor localization and approaches targeting mobile sensor networks, are also included in the proceedings front-matter......Page 1 Introduction......Page 8 2D GALE Algorithm with Three TOA Measurements......Page 11 Proposed MGALE Algorithm for 2D Location Estimation......Page 12 Determining the Subset of Overlap Region among the Range Circles Where the MS Should Be Located......Page 13 Relationship between NLOS Error and BS-MS Range......Page 16 Formulation of MGALE Scheme for Estimating the Position of the MS......Page 17 Overview of MGALE Algorithm......Page 20 Performance Evaluations......Page 21 Conclusion and Future Work......Page 23 Introduction......Page 26 Related Work......Page 27 Experimental Data......Page 29 Individual Hard Decision Methods......Page 31 Aggregated Soft Decision Methods......Page 33 Algorithm Complexity......Page 34 Individual Hard Decision Methods......Page 35 Aggregated Soft Decision Methods......Page 36 Conclusions......Page 38 Introduction......Page 41 Related Work......Page 42 Assumptions......Page 43 Defining Significance......Page 44 Naive Clustering Algorithm......Page 45 An Example......Page 46 Handling Missing Data......Page 47 Distribution of Cell IDs......Page 50 Significant Places -- Overall......Page 51 Significant Places -- Daily Statistics......Page 54 Discussion and Conclusion......Page 55 Introduction......Page 57 The Mobile Devices......Page 58 The Mobile Device Sensors......Page 59 Sequential Non-linear Bayesian Filtering......Page 61 Fusion Flow......Page 63 Motion Model......Page 64 Experiment and Result......Page 66 Results......Page 67 Conclusion......Page 70 Further Work......Page 71 Introduction......Page 73 Problem Formulation......Page 74 Profiling......Page 75 Associating PDF Families to Locations......Page 76 Binary Composite Hypothesis Testing......Page 77 Multiple Composite Hypothesis Testing......Page 79 Testing PDF Interpolations......Page 80 Testing the Complete System......Page 82 Conclusion......Page 84 Introduction......Page 86 Related Work......Page 88 Signal Strength Differences......Page 89 Extended Localization Methods......Page 91 System Setup......Page 93 Performance Evaluation......Page 94 Conclusion and Future Work......Page 96 Introduction......Page 98 Related Work......Page 99 System Framework......Page 101 RSSI Data Acquisition......Page 102 Adapting User RSSI Vector for Temporal Radio Maps......Page 103 Maximum and Minimum Search Methods......Page 104 Improving Location Search Results Based on Received Acceleration Values......Page 107 Test Results......Page 109 Conclusions and Future Work......Page 111 References......Page 112 Introduction......Page 113 System Setup......Page 114 Available Information......Page 115 Vehicle Localization Algorithm......Page 116 Simulation Results......Page 118 Conclusion......Page 121 Introduction......Page 122 Problem Formulation......Page 123 Estimation of Angular Separation......Page 125 Frequency Estimation Using Resource-Constrained Hardware......Page 127 Implementation Benchmarking......Page 129 Experimental Setup......Page 130 Discussion......Page 131 Conclusion......Page 132 Introduction and Motivation......Page 135 Localization with Mobile Infrastructure......Page 136 Leapfrog with Error Control......Page 140 Error Estimation for the Leapfrog Procedure......Page 141 Performance Metrics......Page 144 Simulation Results......Page 146 Real Experiments......Page 151 Conclusion and Future Work......Page 153 Introduction......Page 155 Footstep Signature and Gait Pattern......Page 158 Footstep Source Localization......Page 160 Variation of Gait Pattern......Page 164 Conclusions and Further Studies......Page 167 Acknowledgment.......Page 168 Introduction......Page 170 Related Work on Motion Sensing......Page 171 Temporal and Spectral Characterisation of Received Signal Strength (RSSI)......Page 172 Time Domain Algorithms......Page 176 Frequency Domain Algorithms......Page 177 Threshold Learning......Page 179 Data Collection......Page 180 Results and Discussion......Page 181 Localisation......Page 183 Data Collection......Page 185 Results and Discussion......Page 186 Conclusions......Page 188 Introduction......Page 190 Related Work......Page 191 Naive Bayes Classifier......Page 192 K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)......Page 193 Experiment......Page 195 Experiment Setup and Evaluation......Page 196 Result......Page 197 Granularity of Rooms......Page 198 Number of APs......Page 200 Conclusion and Future Work......Page 202 Introduction......Page 204 Related Work......Page 205 Deployment Site......Page 206 Client Interface......Page 207 Friend-Finding Service......Page 208 Motivation......Page 209 Initial Training......Page 210 System Accuracy......Page 211 System Vulnerabilities......Page 212 User Behavior......Page 213 Training Rates......Page 214 Future Work......Page 217 Conclusion......Page 218 Frequency Bands and Usable RF Spectrum......Page 220 Bandwidth Impact on Received Signals......Page 226 RF Location Types and Classification......Page 227 RF Location by Proximity......Page 228 Radio Direction Finding (DF) and Angle of Arrival (AOA)......Page 231 Doppler......Page 232 Signal Strength......Page 234 Time, Phase and Differential Timing (TOA, POA and TDOA)......Page 237 References......Page 240 Introduction......Page 242 MWSN Architectures......Page 244 Advantages of Adding Mobility......Page 245 Differences between WSNs and MWSNs......Page 246 Coordination Phase......Page 247 Measurement Phase......Page 248 Localization Phase......Page 250 The Effect of Mobility on Localization......Page 252 The Impact of Environment on Localization......Page 253 Commercial......Page 254 Military / Aerospace......Page 255 Conclusion......Page 256 Introduction......Page 262 Models for Link Errors for TOA and RSS......Page 263 CRLB for Cooperative Localization......Page 265 Performance Evaluation Scenario......Page 267 Results and Discussion......Page 268 Conclusions......Page 271 back-matter......Page 274 This volume contains the proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments (MELT 2009), held in Orlando, Florida on September 30, 2009 in conjunction with the 11th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp 2009). MELT provides a forum for the presentation of state-of-the-art technologies in mobile localization and tracking and novel applications of location-based s- vices. MELT 2009 continued the success of the?rst workshop in the series (MELT 2008), which was held is San Francisco, California on September 19, 2008 in conjunction with Mobicom. Location-awareness is a key component for achieving context-awareness. - cent years have witnessed an increasing trend towards location-based services and applications. In most cases, however, location information is limited by the accessibility to GPS, which is unavailable for indoor or underground fac- ities and unreliable in urban environments. Much research has been done, in both the sensor network community and the ubiquitous computing community, to provide techniques for localization and tracking in GPS-less environments. Novel applications based on ad-hoc localization and real-time tracking of - bile entities are growing as a result of these technologies. MELT brings together leaders from both the academic and industrial research communities to discuss challenging and open problems, to evaluate pros and cons of various approaches, to bridge the gap between theory and applications, and to envision new research opportunities. Localization for mobile entities Localization using RSSI Localization with novel sensors Localization by experiments.