Mobile cellular communication

Description The book covers all the important aspects of cellular and mobilecommunications from the Internet to signals, access protocols andcellular systems and is a self-sufficient resource with adequatestress on the principles that govern the behavior of mobilecommunication along with the applications. Includes applications such as designing/planning/ installation and maintenance of cellular operators, I-FI, and WIMAX, ZIBEE, BLUETOOTH and GPRS networks. Includes advanced technologies like CDMA 2000, WCDMA, 3G, 4G and beyond 4G 160 examples 540 exercises Chapter 1: Introduction to Mobile and Cellular CommunicationSystems Chapter 2: Cellular Concept: Cellular Geometry, FrequencyReuse and Sectoring Chapter 3: Elements of Cellular Radio System Design Chapter 4: Interference in Cellular mobile communicationSystems Chapter 5: Co-Channel Interference Models Chapter 6: Teletraffic Engineering, Trunking, Grade ofService and Operational Techniques Chapter 7: Basic Antenna Theory Chapter 8: Mobile Antennas Chapter 9: Cell Site Antennas Chapter 10: Mobile Radio Propagation Chapter 11: Cell coverage for signal and traffic Chapter 12: Frequency Management and Channel Assignment Chapter 13: Modulation Techniques Chapter 14: Signal Processing in Wireless Systems, SpeechCoding and Channel Coding Schemes Chapter 15: Spread Spectrum Techniques Chapter 16:Multiple Access Techniques for WirelessCommunication and Advanced Transceiver Schemes Chapter 17:Spectral Efficiency of FDMA, TDMA and CDMA Chapter 18:Handoff Technologies Chapter 19:Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communications Chapter 20:Global Mobile Satellite Systems (GMSS) Chapter 21:3G Cellular System Chapter 22:WCDMA and CDMA 2000 Chapter 23: 4G - The Next Generation Cellular Technology Chapter 24:Wireless LANs (WLANs) Chapter 25:Other Wireless Technologies Chapter 26:Wireless Networking Chapter 27:Bluetooth Chapter 28:GPRS Chapter 29:Mobile IP and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Chapter 30:Mobile Data Networks Dr.G Cover......Page 1 Contents......Page 6 About the Author......Page 20 Preface......Page 22 1.1 Introduction......Page 26 1.2 Generations of Wireless Mobile Systems......Page 27 1.2.1 First Generation (1G)......Page 29 1.2.4 Third Generation (3G)......Page 30 1.2.5 Fourth Generation (4G)......Page 31 1.3 Cellular Geometry......Page 32 1.4 Introduction to Cellular concept......Page 33 1.4.2 Handoff......Page 34 1.4.2.1 Types of Handoff......Page 36 1.4.3 Co-channel Interference......Page 37 1.4.4 Cell Splitting......Page 38 1.5.1 Components of a Cellular Mobile Network......Page 39 1.6 Call Transfer Operation from One Mobile Phone to another......Page 43 1.6.1 The Duplex Concept......Page 44 1.6.4 Operation that Takes Place when a Mobile Station Receives an Incoming Call......Page 45 1.8 Analogue and Digital Cellular Mobile Systems......Page 46 1.8.1 Analogue Cellular Mobile Radio Systems (AMPS)......Page 47 1.8.2.1 Global System for Mobile communications......Page 48 1.8.2.2 CDMA or (IS-95)......Page 50 1.9.1 Paging......Page 51 1.9.3 Wireless Local Loop (WLL)......Page 52 1.9.7 DECT......Page 53 1.9.8 Bluetooth......Page 54 1.9.9 Current Status of Cellular Radio......Page 56 1.10 Summary......Page 57 Review Questions......Page 58 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 59 Further Reading......Page 60 2.1 Introduction......Page 62 2.2 Cellular Geometry......Page 63 2.2.1 Circular Geometry......Page 64 2.2.2 Polygonal Geometry......Page 65 2.3 Frequency Reuse......Page 67 2.3.1 Cellular System Capacity and Frequency Reuse for a Cluster Size of “N” with Each Cell Allocated a Group of “K” Channels......Page 68 2.3.2 Spectrum Efficiency and Propagation Path Loss......Page 71 2.3.3 Frequency Reuse Factor......Page 73 2.3.4 Relationship Between Frequency Reuse Factor (D/R) and Cluster Size (N)......Page 74 2.3.4.1 Method of locating co-channel cells......Page 75 2.3.4.2 Establishment of relationship between D, d and shift parameters (i and j)......Page 76 2.3.4.4 Relationship between area of a hexagon, number of cells in a large hexagon, and N......Page 77 2.3.4.5 Important conclusions from Equation (2.14)......Page 79 2.3.5 The key trade-offs......Page 80 2.5 Cell Splitting......Page 82 2.6 Sectoring......Page 84 2.7 Range Extension by the Use of Repeaters......Page 87 2.8 Microcell Zone Concept......Page 88 2.9 Picocell Zone Concept......Page 89 2.10 Summary......Page 90 Review Questions......Page 94 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 95 Open Book Questions......Page 96 Further Reading......Page 97 3.2 Concept of Frequency Reuse Channels......Page 98 3.3 Co-channel Interference......Page 99 3.3.1 Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor......Page 100 3.3.2 Relation Between co-channel Reduction Ractor and Frequency Reuse Factor......Page 102 3.4.1 Analytic Solution......Page 104 3.5 Cellular System Design in Worst-case Scenario with an Omnidirectional Antenna......Page 105 3.6 Cell Splitting......Page 108 3.6.1.3 Picocellular Radio Networks......Page 109 3.7 Challenges in Cell Splitting......Page 110 3.7.1 Overlaid Cell Concept......Page 111 3.8.2 Switching Equipment......Page 114 Review Questions......Page 115 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 116 Key Equations......Page 117 Further Reading......Page 118 4.2 Types of Interferences......Page 120 4.3.1 To Find the co-channel Interference Area from a Mobile Receiver......Page 121 4.3.2 To Find the Co-channel Interference Area which Affects a Cell Site......Page 122 4.4 Estimation of Co-channel Interference Level......Page 123 4.5 Real-time Co-channel Interference Measurement......Page 127 4.6 Diversity Receiver......Page 128 4.7.1.2 Neighbouring-channel Interference......Page 129 4.7.2.1 In one Cell......Page 130 4.7.2.2 In Cells of two Systems......Page 131 4.8 Estimation of Adjacent-channel Interference Levels......Page 132 4.9 Summary......Page 133 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 135 Key Equations......Page 136 Further Reading......Page 137 5.2 Geographical and Statistical Models......Page 138 5.2.1 General Features of the Geographical Models......Page 139 5.3.1 Geographical Model with One Interferer......Page 140 5.3.2 Geographical Model with Six Interferers......Page 142 5.3.3 Geographical Model with Several Tiers of Interferers......Page 143 5.3.4 Fading Only Statistical Model......Page 145 5.3.5 Shadowing Only Statistical Model......Page 147 5.4.1 By Using a Notch in the Tilted Antenna Pattern......Page 148 5.4.2 Using an Adaptive Antenna......Page 149 5.5 Summary......Page 150 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 152 Further Reading......Page 153 6.2 Objectives of Teletraffic Engineering......Page 154 6.3 Concepts of Trunking and Blocking......Page 155 6.4.1 Global View......Page 156 6.4.2 Component View......Page 157 6.5 Grade of Service (GoS)......Page 158 6.6 Blocking Probability Formulas......Page 159 6.6.2 Poisson’s Formula......Page 160 6.6.4 Comparison of Erlang B and Poisson’s Formulas......Page 161 6.7.1.1 Increasing the Coverage for a Noise-limited System......Page 165 6.7.2.1 Enhancers (Repeaters)......Page 166 6.7.2.3 Diversity......Page 167 6.7.2.4 Co-phase Technique......Page 168 6.7.5 Small Cells (Microcells)......Page 169 6.7.6 Narrow Beam Concept......Page 170 6.8 Summary......Page 171 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 173 Open Book Questions......Page 174 Further reading......Page 175 7.1 Introduction......Page 176 7.2 Basics of Antennas......Page 177 7.2.1 Radiation Pattern......Page 179 7.2.2 Directivity......Page 182 7.2.3 Polarization......Page 185 7.2.4 Impedance......Page 188 7.3.1 Resonant Frequency......Page 189 7.3.2 Gain......Page 190 7.3.3 Bandwidth......Page 191 7.3.6 Beamwidth......Page 192 7.3.7 Efficiency......Page 193 7.4.2 End-fire Antenna......Page 195 7.4.3 Parasitic Arrays......Page 196 7.4.4 Driven Arrays......Page 197 7.5 Summary......Page 201 Review Questions......Page 202 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 203 Key Equations......Page 204 Further Reading......Page 205 8.1.1 Principle of Basic Mobile Antenna......Page 208 8.1.2 Performance Requirements......Page 209 8.2.4 Gain......Page 211 8.2.7 Mechanical Features......Page 212 8.3.1 Monopole Antenna......Page 213 8.3.2 Dipole......Page 214 8.3.2.2 Folded Dipole......Page 215 8.3.2.3 Hertzian Dipole (Current Element)......Page 217 8.3.3 Horn Antennas......Page 218 8.3.4 Loop Antennas......Page 219 8.3.5 Helical Antennas......Page 220 8.3.6 Patch Antennas......Page 222 8.3.8 Planar Inverted-L/F Antennas......Page 224 8.4 Mean Effective Gain......Page 225 8.6.2 Circular Polarization with Axial Ratio Close to Unity......Page 226 8.7 Summary......Page 227 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 228 Further Reading......Page 229 9.1.1 Base Station Antennas......Page 230 9.2 Cell-site Antennas......Page 231 9.2.1.2 Design of Omnidirectional Antenna Cellular system......Page 232 9.2.3 Base Station Antenna Series Omnis......Page 234 9.2.4 Antennas for Wireless LAN......Page 235 9.2.5.1 High-gain Antennas......Page 236 9.2.5.3 Location Antennas......Page 237 9.2.5.4 Umbrella-Pattern Antennas......Page 238 9.3 Design of Directional Antennas......Page 239 9.3.1 Interference Reduction Antennas......Page 240 9.4.1 Performance Requirements in Macrocells......Page 242 9.4.2 Macrocell Antenna Design......Page 244 9.5 Microcell Antennas......Page 245 9.6 Picocell Antennas......Page 247 9.7.1 Mode of Operation......Page 248 9.8.1 Handset Diversity Antennas......Page 249 9.8.3 Polarization Diversity......Page 250 9.9.1 Smart Base Station Antenna......Page 251 9.9.2 Base Station Antenna Assembly......Page 252 9.10 Effects of Cell-site Antenna Parameters......Page 254 9.11 Summary......Page 255 Exercise Problems......Page 257 Open Book Questions......Page 258 Further Reading......Page 259 10.2 Basics of Mobile Radio Propagation......Page 260 10.3.1 Path-loss Model in Obstructed Environments......Page 262 10.3.2 Log-normal Shadowing......Page 263 10.3.3 Direct Propagation......Page 264 10.3.4 Refraction......Page 265 10.3.6 Reflection......Page 268 10.3.7 Diffraction......Page 269 10.3.8 Scattering......Page 270 10.4 Link Budget Design......Page 271 10.5.1 Outdoor Propagation Models......Page 272 10.5.1.2 Hata Model......Page 273 10.5.1.3 PCS Extension to Hata Model......Page 274 10.5.3 Multipath Propagation......Page 275 10.5.5 Small-scale Multipath Measurements......Page 276 10.5.6 Multipath Channel Parameters......Page 277 10.6.1 Fading Effects Due to Multipath Time Delay Spread Flat Fading......Page 280 10.6.2 Fading Effects Due to Doppler spread......Page 282 10.6.3 Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel......Page 283 10.7.1 NLoS Propagation: Rayleigh Fading Model......Page 285 10.7.2 LoS Propagation: Rician Fading Model......Page 287 10.7.3 Generalized Model: Nakagami Distribution......Page 288 10.7.4 Second-order Statistics......Page 289 10.8 Summary......Page 290 Exercise Problems......Page 291 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 292 Key Equations......Page 293 Further Reading......Page 294 11.2 Point-to-point Model......Page 296 11.3 Propagation Over Water or Flat Open Area......Page 298 11.4 Foliage Loss......Page 299 11.5 Cell-site Antenna Heights and Signal Coverage Cells......Page 300 11.6.1 Near-in Distance Propagation......Page 302 11.6.2 Long-distance Propagation......Page 303 11.7 Summary......Page 305 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 306 Key Equations......Page 307 Further Reading......Page 308 12.2 Numbering the Radio Channels......Page 310 12.2.1 Frequency Management Chart......Page 311 12.4 Traffic and Channel Assignment......Page 313 12.4.2 Dynamic Channel Assignment......Page 314 12.5 Channel Assignment Algorithms......Page 315 12.6.1 Blocking......Page 316 12.7 Summary......Page 319 Review Questions......Page 321 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 322 Open Book Questions......Page 323 Further Reading......Page 324 13.1 Introduction......Page 326 13.2 Frequency Modulation......Page 327 13.3 FM Detection Techniques......Page 328 13.3.2 Quadrature Detector......Page 329 13.4.1 Amplitude Shift Keying......Page 330 13.4.2 Frequency Shift Keying......Page 331 13.4.3 Phase Shift Keying......Page 332 13.4.4 Minimum Shift Keying......Page 339 13.4.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation......Page 343 13.4.7 Performance of Digital Modulation Schemes......Page 344 13.5.1 Carrier Recovery......Page 345 13.5.2 Clock Recovery......Page 346 13.6 Performance of Digital Modulation in Slow-flat Fading Channels......Page 347 13.7 Performance of Digital Modulation in Frequency Selective Mobile Channels......Page 348 13.8 Summary......Page 349 Review Questions......Page 352 Key Equations......Page 353 Further Reading......Page 354 14.2 Diversity......Page 356 14.2.1 Principle of Diversity......Page 357 14.2.2 Diversity Schemes......Page 358 14.2.4 Macro Diversity......Page 360 14.2.5 Diversity Signal Combining Chniques......Page 361 14.2.6 Transmit Diversity......Page 363 14.3.1 Fundamentals of Equalization Techniques......Page 364 14.3.2 Linear Equalization......Page 365 14.3.3 Non-Linear Equalization......Page 367 14.3.4 Adaptive Equalization Algorithms......Page 369 14.4.1 Selection of Speech Coders for Mobile Communication......Page 372 14.4.2 Speech Codec Attributes......Page 373 14.4.3 Linear-prediction Based Analysis-by-synthesis......Page 375 14.4.4 Waveform Coding......Page 376 14.4.6 Hybrid Coding......Page 377 14.5 Review of Channel Coding......Page 378 14.5.2 Block Codes......Page 379 14.5.3 Convolutional Codes......Page 381 14.5.4 Turbo Codes......Page 382 14.5.5 Comparison between Convolution and Turbo Codes......Page 384 14.6 Summary......Page 385 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 386 Further Reading......Page 387 15.2 Spread Spectrum Technology......Page 390 15.2.2 Applications of Spread Spectrum Technology......Page 393 15.3 Spread Spectrum Techniques......Page 394 15.4 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communications......Page 396 15.4.1 Principle of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum......Page 398 15.4.2 DSSS with Binary Phase Shift keying......Page 399 15.4.3 Properties of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum......Page 402 15.5 Frequency-hopping Spread Spectrum......Page 404 15.5.3 Properties of Frequency Hopping......Page 406 15.6 Time-hopping Spread-Spectrum Communications......Page 407 15.7 Multicarrier......Page 408 15.8 Comparison of DSSS and FHSS Performances......Page 410 15.9 Spreading Codes......Page 411 15.9.1 Orthogonal Codes......Page 412 15.9.2 Pseudorandom Noise Codes......Page 414 15.10 Summary......Page 420 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 423 Key Equations......Page 424 Further Reading......Page 425 16.1 Introduction......Page 426 16.2 Multiple Access Techniques......Page 427 16.3 Frequency Division Multiple Access......Page 430 16.3.2 FDMA Versus Frequency Division Duplex......Page 433 16.3.3 Example and Applications of FDMA in 1G Cellular (or AMPS) and GSM 900 Applications of FDMA in 1G......Page 434 16.4.1 TDMA Principle of Operation......Page 435 16.4.3 Efficiency of TDMA......Page 437 16.4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of TDMA......Page 438 16.6 Code Division Multiple Access......Page 440 16.6.1 CDMA Principle of Operation......Page 441 16.6.3 Handoffs in CDMA Mobile Systems......Page 442 16.6.4 Multipath Error Elimination in CDMA Cellular system......Page 443 16.7 Near-far Problem......Page 444 16.8 Power Control Algorithm......Page 445 16.9 Capacity of Cellular CDMA With Multiple Cells......Page 446 16.11 Space Division Multiple Access......Page 448 16.11.1 Antenna Arrays......Page 449 16.11.2 Advantages of SDMA Technique......Page 450 16.12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing......Page 452 16.12.1 Basic Principle of Operation......Page 454 16.12.2 Cyclic Prefix......Page 456 16.12.3 Multipath and ISI Reduction in OFDM......Page 457 16.13 Packet Radio......Page 458 16.14 Packet Radio Protocols......Page 459 16.14.1 Pure ALOHA......Page 460 16.14.2 Slotted ALOHA......Page 463 16.14.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols......Page 464 16.14.4 Reservation Protocols......Page 465 16.16 Summary......Page 466 Exercise Problems......Page 468 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 469 Open Book Questions......Page 470 Further Reading......Page 471 17.2 Parameters Used to Compare the Efficiency of Various Cellular Modulation Techniques......Page 474 17.2.3 Channel Capacity......Page 475 17.3 Spectral Efficiency of Modulation......Page 477 17.4.2 TDMA Spectral Efficiency......Page 479 17.5.1 Capacity and Frame Efficiency of a TDMA System......Page 480 17.5.2 Capacity of a DS-CDMA System......Page 481 17.6.1 Comparison of DS-CDMA Versus TDMA System Capacity......Page 483 17.7 Summary......Page 484 Exercise Problems......Page 488 Key Equations......Page 489 Further Reading......Page 490 18.2 Handoff......Page 492 18.2.2 Handoff Process in Cellular Mobile Communication......Page 493 18.2.3 Simple Handoff Algorithm......Page 494 18.2.4 Handoff Scenarios......Page 495 18.3.1 Hard Handoff......Page 496 18.3.2 Soft Handoff......Page 498 18.3.3 Softer Handoff......Page 501 18.4 Classification Based on Purposes of Handoff......Page 502 18.4.2 Inter-cell or Inter – BS Handoff......Page 503 18.4.3 Inter-system handoff......Page 504 18.5.2 Network-controlled Handoff (NCHO)......Page 506 18.6 Handoff Initiation Techniques......Page 507 18.6.1 Relative Signal Strength......Page 508 18.6.2 Relative Signal Strength With Threshold......Page 509 18.6.4 Relative Signal Strength With Hysteresis and Threshold......Page 510 18.7 Basic Cellular Structures......Page 511 18.7.2 Microcells......Page 512 18.8 Delaying Handoff......Page 514 18.8.2 Queuing the Handoff Calls......Page 515 18.10 Dropped Calls and Dropped Call Rate......Page 518 18.10.3 Receiver Threshold (d) and co-channel Interference Level (m)......Page 519 18.11 Vehicle Locating Methods......Page 520 18.11.1 Installing Equipment in the Vehicles......Page 521 18.12 Summary......Page 522 Review Questions......Page 526 Open Book Questions......Page 527 Further reading......Page 528 19.1 Introduction......Page 530 19.2 Global System for Mobile......Page 531 19.2.2 Frequency, Channel Spacing, and Transmission Rate......Page 532 19.2.3 Improved Security and Confidentiality......Page 534 19.2.5 Switching and Control......Page 535 19.2.6 Noise Robust......Page 536 19.2.7 User Services......Page 537 19.2.8 ISDN Compatibility in GSM......Page 539 19.3 GSM Network Architecture......Page 540 19.3.1 The Mobile Station......Page 541 19.3.2 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)......Page 544 19.3.3 Network Switching Subsystem......Page 548 19.4.2 Access Methods......Page 553 19.5.1 International Mobile Station Equipment Identity......Page 554 19.5.6 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity......Page 555 19.6.2 Call from PSTN to Mobile Phone......Page 556 19.7.1 Network Management Centre......Page 557 19.7.2 Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC)......Page 558 19.8.1 Transmission of Analogue and Digital Signals......Page 559 19.8.2 Physical and Logical Channels......Page 561 19.8.3 GSM Control Channel Groups......Page 563 19.8.4 Effective Usage of Channels......Page 567 19.9 Frame Structure for GSM......Page 568 19.10 GSM Protocol Stack Configuration......Page 571 19.10.1 MS Protocols......Page 573 19.10.2 MS to BTS Protocols......Page 575 19.11.1 Call Flow from the MS to Land (PSTN)......Page 576 19.11.2 Call Fl ow from the Land to MS......Page 577 19.12 Summary......Page 578 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 579 Further Reading......Page 580 20.1 Introduction......Page 582 20.2.1 Low Earth Orbit......Page 583 20.2.3 Highly Elliptical Orbit......Page 585 20.2.4 Geostationary Earth Orbit......Page 586 20.2.6 Integrating GEO, LEO, MEO, and Terrestrial Mobile Systems......Page 588 20.3 The Iridium System......Page 589 20.3.1 Iridium System Constellation......Page 590 20.3.2 Architecture of the Iridium System......Page 592 20.4 Globalstar System......Page 595 20.4.2 Architecture of the Globalstar System......Page 596 20.5.2 Architecture of ICO System......Page 598 20.6.1 Teledesic System Constellation......Page 599 20.6.2 Architecture of Teledesic System......Page 600 20.7.1 Categorization of PCS......Page 601 20.8 Personal Access Communication Systems......Page 602 20.8.2 PACS Radio Aspects......Page 603 20.8.3 Features of General Systems in PACS......Page 605 20.9 Mobile and Personal Communications: Past, Present, and Future......Page 608 20.9.1 The Past......Page 609 20.9.2 The Present......Page 610 20.9.3 The Future......Page 611 20.10 Rake Receiver......Page 612 20.10.2 Advanced Rake Receiver......Page 613 20.11.4 Location Area......Page 614 20.12 Network Signalling......Page 615 20.12.2 Mobile Networking Standards......Page 616 20.13 Summary......Page 618 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 624 Open book Questions......Page 625 Further Reading......Page 626 21.1 Introduction......Page 628 21.3 Second Generation (2G)......Page 629 21.3.2 Disadvantages of Digital System Use in 2G......Page 630 21.4.1 Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communications......Page 631 21.5 IS-95 (Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) or Cdma One Standard)......Page 632 21.5.2 Multiple Access in CDMA......Page 633 21.5.4 Understanding the “Code” in CDMA......Page 634 21.6 Two Point Five Generation (2.5G)......Page 636 21.6.1 High-Speed Circuit-switched Data (HSCSD)......Page 637 21.6.3 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE)......Page 638 21.6.4 Interim Standard 95B (IS-95B)......Page 639 21.7.1 Features of 3G Mobile Communications......Page 640 21.8 3G Air Interface Technologies......Page 641 21.9 3G Spectrum......Page 642 21.10 Internet Speeds of 2G, 2.5G, and 3G Technologies......Page 643 21.12 Subscriber Forecast for 3G in India......Page 644 21.14 Summary......Page 645 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 646 Further Reading......Page 647 22.1 Introduction......Page 648 22.2 CDMA......Page 649 22.2.1 Spreading and De-spreading, Correlation and Integration Effects of CDMA......Page 650 22.3 WCDMA Evolution......Page 651 22.3.1 Salient Features of WCDMA......Page 653 22.3.2 Difference Between WCDMA and 2G......Page 654 22.4.1 Processing Gain in WCDMA......Page 655 22.4.2 Power Control......Page 657 22.4.3 Softer and Soft Handovers......Page 660 22.5 Capacity of a WCDMA System......Page 661 22.6 Air Interface in UMTS......Page 663 22.8 WCDMA Architecture......Page 664 22.9.1 CDMA Deploymentss......Page 665 22.9.2 CDMA 2000 Evolution......Page 666 22.9.3 Overview of 1x-RTT and 3x-RTT......Page 667 22.10 Key features of CDMA2000......Page 670 22.11 Comparison of WCDMA and CDMA2000......Page 671 Review Questions......Page 673 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 674 Further Reading......Page 675 23.1 Introduction......Page 676 23.2 4G Evolution......Page 677 23.2.1 Description of 4G Technology Evolutionary Path......Page 678 23.3 Objectives of the Projected 4G......Page 680 23.4 Advantages of 4G Network Technology Over 3G......Page 681 23.5 Applications of 4G......Page 682 23.6.1 Ultra-wideband Networks......Page 683 23.6.2 Orthogonal Frequency-division Multiplexing......Page 687 23.6.3 Smart Antennas......Page 689 23.7 Smart Antenna Techniques......Page 690 23.8 4G software......Page 692 23.8.3 Implementation of Packets......Page 693 23.9 Limitations of 4G......Page 694 23.10.3 Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave Access/IEEE802.16......Page 696 23.10.4 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access/IEEE802.20......Page 697 23.10.6 Virtual Private Networking......Page 698 23.11 Summary......Page 699 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 700 Further Reading......Page 701 24.1 Introduction......Page 702 24.3 WLAN Topologies......Page 703 24.3.2 Infrastructure Network Topology......Page 704 24.3.3 Comparison of Ad-hoc and Infrastructure network topologies......Page 705 24.4 Introduction to Wireless Local Area Network Standard IEEE 802.11......Page 706 24.4.1 IEEE 802.11 Architecture......Page 707 24.4.2 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer......Page 715 24.5.2 Hidden Node problem......Page 723 24.5.3 Retry Counters......Page 724 24.5.4 Frame Formats......Page 725 24.5.5 Overview of MAC......Page 728 24.5.7 Point Coordination Function......Page 729 24.7 Wireless PANs......Page 730 24.7.1 WPAN Applications......Page 731 24.8 Hiper LAN......Page 732 24.8.2 Hiperlan/1......Page 733 24.9 Wireless Local Loop......Page 734 24.10 Summary......Page 735 Review questions......Page 736 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 737 Further Reading......Page 738 25.1 Introduction......Page 740 25.2 ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4......Page 741 25.2.2 Physical Layer......Page 742 25.2.3 MAC Layer......Page 743 25.2.4 ZigBee......Page 746 25.3 WiMAX and IEEE 802.16......Page 747 25.3.1 WiMAX Architecture......Page 748 25.3.2 Mechanism......Page 749 25.3.4 OFDM PHY......Page 751 25.4.1 Frequency Bands and Various Types of RFID Tags......Page 753 25.5.1 MANET Topology......Page 754 25.6 Summary......Page 755 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 756 Further Reading......Page 757 26.2 Various Generations of Wireless Networks......Page 758 26.2.1 Satellite Technologies......Page 760 26.2.2 Wireless Communication Networks Based on Coverage......Page 761 26.4 Differences in Wireless and Fixed Telephone Networks......Page 762 26.5.1 Circuit Switching......Page 763 26.5.2 Packet Switching......Page 764 26.5.3 Comparison of Circuit and Packet Switching Networks......Page 765 26.6.1 Leased line connection......Page 766 26.6.2 Internet Connection......Page 767 26.7 X.25 Protocol......Page 768 26.8 Frame Relay......Page 769 26.9 ATM......Page 771 26.10 Virtual Private Networks......Page 773 26.11.2 RAM Mobile Data......Page 774 26.12 Common Channel Signalling......Page 775 26.12.1 Signalling System 7......Page 776 26.13 Various Networks for Connecting to the Internet......Page 781 26.13.2 ISDN......Page 782 26.13.3 Broadband ISDN......Page 785 26.14 Summary......Page 786 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 787 Further reading......Page 788 27.2 Bluetooth......Page 790 27.2.1 Overview......Page 791 27.2.2 Bluetooth Architecture......Page 793 27.2.3 Radio Layer and Radio Specification......Page 795 27.2.4 Baseband Layer and Baseband Specification......Page 798 27.2.5 Link Manager Protocol and LM Specification......Page 801 27.2.6 L2CAP......Page 802 27.2.7 L2CAP Functions and Security......Page 803 27.4 Bluetooth Versus WI-FI Wlan......Page 804 27.5 Introduction to WLL Technology......Page 806 27.6 Summary......Page 808 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 809 Further Reading......Page 810 28.2 GPRS Architecture......Page 812 28.2.1 Benefits of GPRS......Page 815 28.3.1 Attach and Detach Procedures......Page 816 28.4 PDP Context Procedure......Page 819 28.4.2 Mobile-initiated PDP data Protocol context......Page 820 28.4.3 Network-initiated PDP Context......Page 822 28.5 Combined RA/LA Update Procedures–billing......Page 823 28.6 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution......Page 825 28.7 Summary......Page 826 Objective Type Questions and Answers......Page 827 Further reading......Page 828 29.2 Mobile IP Introduction......Page 830 29.2.1 Operation of Mobile IP......Page 831 29.2.2 Co-located Address......Page 832 29.2.3 Mobile IP Registration......Page 833 29.2.4 Mobile IP Tunnelling......Page 836 29.2.5 Internet Protocol Version 4 and Internet Protocol Version 6......Page 838 29.3 Wireless Application Protocol......Page 839 29.3.1 WAP Architecture......Page 840 29.3.2 WML Scripts......Page 842 29.3.3 WAP Services......Page 843 29.3.4 Wireless Session Protocol......Page 844 29.3.5 Wireless Transaction Protocol......Page 845 29.3.6 Wireless Datagram Protocol......Page 846 29.4.1 WAP Model......Page 847 29.4.2 Mobile Location-Based Service......Page 848 29.4.3 WAP Gateway......Page 849 29.4.4 WAP User Agent Profile......Page 851 29.4.5 Caching Model......Page 852 29.4.6 Wireless Bearers for WAP......Page 853 29.4.7 Wireless Telephony Application......Page 855 29.5 Summary......Page 857 Objective Questions and Answers......Page 858 Further Reading......Page 859 30.2 Data-oriented CDPD Network......Page 860 30.2.1 System Description......Page 861 30.2.2 Protocol Architecture......Page 863 30.2.3 Channel Hopping......Page 865 30.2.4 Channel Access......Page 866 30.3.1 System Description......Page 867 30.3.2 Protocol Architecture......Page 869 30.3.3 Channel Access......Page 870 30.4.1 What is SMS?......Page 871 30.4.2 Overview of SMS Operation......Page 872 Review Questions......Page 873 Further reading......Page 874 Appendix A: The Decibel(dB)......Page 876 Appendix B: Frequencies for Communication......Page 879 Appendix C: Fundamentals of Antenna Radiation......Page 882 Appendix D: Weiner Filter......Page 886 Appendix E: Mathematical Formulas......Page 891 Appendix F: Computer Networks......Page 895 Appendix G: OSI Model......Page 897 Appendix H: Erlang B-Table for 1 to 50 Channels, 0.7%–40%......Page 901 List of Abbreviations......Page 906 Glossary......Page 916 List of Symbols......Page 924 Index......Page 926