Missionary Grammars and Dictionaries of Chinese: The Contribution of Seventeenth Century Spanish Dominicans

This monograph aims to shed light on the linguistic endeavors and educational practices employed by 17th century Spanish Dominicans in their efforts to understand and disseminate knowledge of the Chinese language during this historical period. Ample attention is dedicated to the evolution of Chinese grammars and dictionaries by these authors. Central to the monograph is the manuscript “Marsh 696”, which comprises a Chinese-Spanish dictionary and a fragmentary Spanish grammar of Mandarin Chinese, a hitherto unknown and unpublished anonymous and undated text entitled Arte de lengua mandarina. This text is probably a fragment of the earliest grammar written by a Westerner of Mandarin Chinese (completed in Manila in c.1641), previously presumed lost. It is presented here as a facsimile, a transcription of the Spanish text and an English translation alongside a detailed linguistic analysis. The historical framework outlined in this monograph spans from the predecessors of Francisco Díaz (1606–1646) around 1620, including the Jesuit linguistic production in mainland China and Early Manila Hokkien sources, to the era wherein Antonio Díaz (1667–1715) finalized his revised version of Francisco Díaz’s dictionary. The monograph scrutinizes these texts in relation to the linguistic contributions of Francisco Varo (1627–1687). Additionally, the monograph incorporates other unpublished texts that are significant for reconstructing the educational curriculum for teaching and learning Chinese by Dominican friars during this period. Table of contents Foreword and acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Aims of the book 1.2 A brief historical overview 1.3 Missionary linguistics and the Chinese languages 1.4 Marsh 696 The Arte de lengua mandarina 1.5 Francisco Díaz (1606–1646)23 1.5.1 Life 1.5.2 Works Chapter 2 The Arte (Marsh 696) 2.1 Facsimile edition, transliteration and English translation 2.2 Descriptive analysis of the Arte 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Tonadas and tone diacritics 2.2.3 Non-tonal diacritics The first ‘manner’, or ‘difference’ of the second class. The Aspiration mark and ‘gutturals’ 2.2.4 The second mode 2.2.5 The third mode 2.2.6 The fourth ‘mode’ 2.2.7 The fifth ‘mode’ 2.2.8 Initials 2.2.9 Finals 2.2.10 The final section (Appendix II) 2.2.11 The ‘Puntillo’ in other scripts Baybayin 2.3 Reconstruction of the missing parts of the Arte 2.3.1 References to the Arte in the Jagiel. manuscript 2.3.2 References to the ‘arte viejo’ in Francisco Varo’s grammar Conclusion 2.4 Comparative analysis 2.4.1 Comparison with earlier works The Arte (Marsh 696) compared with Dominican sources describing Hokkien in the Philippines The Bocabulario The Jesuits in China and a brief history of Western romanization of Chinese before Marsh 696 Nicolas Trigault (1577–1628) The romanizations in Marsh 696 (Arte and Dictionary) and DIAZ1 and DIAZ2? Alternative spellings in Jagiel. ~ no alternative spellings in Marsh Vietnam and Japan Concluding remarks 2.4.2 Marsh 696 compared with the Arte of Francisco Varo Macrostructure Definitions, and (semi-) metalinguistic terminology compared 2.5 Conclusion Chapter 3 The Arte of Francisco Varo 3.1 The influence of Antonio de Nebrija 3.2 The versions of the Arte of Francisco Varo (in particular, the MS in the Vatican Library and the MS Library of Congress) 3.3 The Reglas of Morales 3.3.1 Transcription and English translation of the ‘Reglas’ of Morales. For a facsimilar reproduction of the text, see Appendix IV. 3.3.2 The connection between Morales’s Reglas and Varo’s Arte 3.4 Conclusion Chapter 4 Lexicography 4.1 Hispanic missionary lexicography 4.2 Sino-Hispanic lexicography 4.2.1 Dictionaries attributed to Francisco Díaz Francisco Díaz Antonio Díaz 4.2.2 Cabecillas, o simpliciter necesario para todos 4.2.3 Breve compendio del vocabulario de compuestos en lengua mandarina Why is Marsh 696 also attributable to Díaz 4.2.4 Target readership, microstructure and content of the lemma The microstructure of the entries Markedness Symbols ‘Genericè’ ‘En lengua’ Lemmatization and the content Bioacoustics Other sounds The Spanish language used in Díaz’s dictionary Loanwords from Nahuatl and other indigenous languages Tagalog borrowings 4.2.5 The dictionary of Antonio Díaz (Paris Ms) Introduction Antonio Díaz’s life and work Analysis Chinese dictionaries Explicit references to Chinese dictionary in the entries Additions Corrections, different diacritics Different meaning Different tone and different meaning The section on fănqiè Entries marked with F (Fokien = Hokien) The content 4.2.6 The Portuguese connection “Two Chinese-Portuguese dictionaries” Chung-P’u tzu-hui (ARSI) How do the two Leiden manuscripts relate to the ARSI manuscript? Can we connect them with each other? Other indications that suggest a Portuguese connection The presence of Portuguese in Spanish dictionaries 4.2.7 Conclusion 4.3 Spanish-Chinese lexicography 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Antonio de Nebrija, Alonso de Molina, San Buenaventura and the Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum 4.3.3 Francisco Varo’s Spanish-Chinese Dictionary 4.4 Conclusion Chapter 5 The teaching program of the Dominicans 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The language 5.3 The teaching program Chapter 6 The reception of Francisco Díaz’s work in pre-modern Europe 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Martino Martini (1614–1661) 6.3 Jacob Golius (1596–1667) 6.4 Christian Mentzel (1622–1701) 6.5 Mathurin Veyssière La Croze (1661–1739) 6.6 Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer (1694–1738) 6.7 Étienne Fourmont (1683–1745) 6.8 Julius Klaproth (1783–1835) Chapter 7 Conclusions References A. Primary sources B. Secondary sources Appendices Appendix I. Chronological table Appendix II. List of Dominican missions and churches in China Appendix III. The Manila Incunabula Appendix IV. Facsimile reproduction of the Reglas from Morales's Manuale Appendix V. Facsimile reproduction of the prologue of Antonio Diaz's dictionary Appendix VI. Facsimile reproduction of the prologues of the Jagiel. Manuscript and Francisco Varo’s dictionaries Appendix VII. Golius’s Byvoeghsel Index nominum Index rerum Toponyms