Minority Youth and Social Integration (The ISRD-3 Study in Europe and the US)

"This book examines the processes for social integration and social cohesion among young people, drawing on data collected from the International Self-Report Delinquency (ISRD) study, which covered 35 studies. This report examines case studies from 5 selected countries (France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States) to provide an in-depth comparative study. Social integration processes are defined by sociologists as the mechanisms through which a society is held together, and populations are transformed into collectivities and communities. They are understood by criminologists to be an important factor in crime prevention, and factors such as peer groups and families are strong determinants of criminal behavior. In a time when society, and particularly young people, can seem increasingly fragmented (due to new technologies, rapidly increasing migration, economic inequality, and increased individuation), the researchers in this volume seek to understand whether and how these phenomena affect young people, and how they may have an impact on the development of criminal and antisocial behavior. This work will provide a framework for researchers in criminology and criminal justice, particularly with an interest in juveniles, developmental criminology, and crime prevention, as well as related fields such as sociology, social work, and demography."-- Provided by publisher Acknowledgements 5 Contents 6 Contributors 8 About the Editors 10 About the Authors 11 Chapter 1: Introduction: How Relations to Institutions Shape Youth Integration—Ethno-Religious Minorities, National Contexts and Social Cohesion 14 Key Comparative Findings: Crime and Attitudes Towards Morality and Norm-Shaping Institutions 18 Integration of Society and Integration in Society 23 Societal Integration in Society and Migration Backgrounds: Morality and Socio-Economic Determinants of Offending 24 Integration: Schooling and Policing of Minorities and Majority Groups 27 Integration and Schools 28 Integration and Police 30 The New Frontier of Comparative Studies: How National Context, Institutions and Policies Affect Cohesion and Crime 33 References 37 Part I: Morality, Bonding and Families as Sources of Social Cohesion 40 Chapter 2: Shame and Wrong: Is There a Common Morality Among Young People in France, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, and the USA? 41 Introduction 41 Conceptual Framework 43 Who Teaches Morality: Family, Schools, Religion, and Friends? 46 Methodology 47 Dependent Variables: Pro-social Values and Level of Shame 47 Independent and Control Variables 48 Description of Sample 49 Findings 50 Cross-National Measurement Equivalence: Is Morality Measured in the Same Way Across the Five Samples? 50 Differences in Pro-social Values 51 Differences in Level of Shame 58 Results from Multivariate Analysis 60 Summary and Conclusions 66 Appendix 69 References 70 Chapter 3: ‘Less Social Bonding, More Problems?’: An International Perspective on the Behaviour of (Migrant) Youth 72 Introduction 72 Theories About Bonding and Deviant Behaviour 73 Research Methods 76 Data Collection and Sample 76 Description of Measures 77 Outcome Variable 77 Control Variables 77 Mediating Factors 77 Moderating Variables 78 Analysis 78 Findings 79 Bonding as a Mediating Factor Between Migrant Status and Versatility 79 Mediation Models for Individual Countries 79 Bonding as a Mediating Factor in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Problem Behaviour 80 Cultural Identity and Feelings of Belonging as Moderators in the Relationship Between Migrant and Versatility 81 Risk Factors as Mediating Factors in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Problem Behaviour 82 Risk Factors as Mediating Factor in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Versatility (Delinquency) 82 The Mediation Model for Individual Countries 83 Risk Factors as Mediating Factor in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Other Problem Behaviour 86 Conclusion and Discussion 87 Appendix 88 References 89 Chapter 4: Parental Violence, Deprivation and Migrant Background 92 Introduction 92 Long-Term Effects of Parental Violence and Global Changes Over Time 93 Theoretically Expected Relationships Between Parental Violence, Deprivation and Migrant Background 94 Methods 95 Parental Violence and Deprivation at the Macro Level 96 Effects of Migrant Background and Deprivation on Parental Violence 103 Conclusions 107 References 109 Part II: Institutions and Social Cohesion: The Role of Policing Styles and Schools 113 Chapter 5: Religion and Attitudes Towards State Organizations: The Case of Schools. A Comparison Across Five Countries 114 Introduction 114 Research Question: Religious Diversity and Integration Through School 116 Hypotheses and Measurements 118 Descriptive Bivariate Findings: School Attachment and Religion in Five Countries 120 Religious Concentration 122 Findings: The Effects of Denomination and Religiosity on School Attachment in Five Countries 124 Findings: Structural Effects at School Levels 126 School Status 126 Minority Religion Concentration at School 128 Findings: A Multivariate and Multilevel Approach 129 Discussion and Conclusion: The Limited Effect of Religious Variables on School Attachment 130 Appendix 1 133 Appendix 2 135 References 143 Chapter 6: Direct and Indirect Influences of School System on Youth Delinquent Offending Among Migrant and Native-Born Students in Eight Countries 145 Introduction 145 Background 147 The School Environment in Different School Systems 147 Bonding to School and Youth Delinquent Development 148 Selection and Motivational Influences 148 The School Environment, School Bonding and Peer Influences 149 Different School Systems and Migrant Students 149 Model and Hypotheses 150 Methods 151 Selection of Countries and Related School Systems 151 Data Collection and Sample 151 Measures 152 Method of Analysis 152 Results 155 Distribution of Native and Migrant Students in the Stratified System 155 Last Year Offending in Different School Systems and Tracks 156 Direct and Indirect Effects of the School System and Mediating Factors 157 Relative Direct and Indirect Effects of School System for Native and Migrant Students 161 Discussion and Conclusion 163 Appendix 167 References 171 Chapter 7: Trust in the Police and Police Legitimacy Through the Eyes of Teenagers 174 Introduction 174 Methods 177 The Procedural Justice (PJ) Module 177 The Stop and Search (S&S) Module 180 Scales Measuring Trust and Legitimacy 181 Control Variables 182 Measures of Compliance 183 Statistical Analyses 184 Results 184 Validity of the Procedural Justice Theory for Young People 184 Effect of Dimensions of Trust on Legitimacy Amongst the Six UPYC Countries 187 The Impact of Stop and Search on Trust and Legitimacy in England and Scotland 191 Conclusions 193 References 195 Chapter 8: Perception of Police Unfairness Amongst Stigmatized Groups: The Impact of Ethnicity, Islamic Affiliation and Neighbourhood 200 Introduction 200 Ethnicity, Islamic Affiliation and Neighbourhood as Sources of Group Belonging Affecting ATP 201 Contacts with the Police and Attitudes Towards Discriminations as Mediating Factors 204 Methods 205 The Connections Between Ethnicity, Place and Islamic Affiliation and How They Affect Perceived Police Unfairness 208 Interrelationships Between Ethnicity, Islamic Affiliation and Neighbourhood 208 Group Belonging and Perceived Police Unfairness 210 Exploring the Effect of Mediating Factors: Contacts with the Police and Attitudes Towards Discrimination 214 Group Belonging, Frequency of Contacts with the Police and Attitudes Towards Discrimination 214 Frequency of Contacts and Attitudes Towards Discriminations as Mediating Variable 217 Discussion 219 References 222 Chapter 9: Teenagers’ Perceptions of Legitimacy and Preparedness to Break the Law: The Impact of Migrant and Ethnic Minority Status 225 Introduction 225 PJ Theory and Differences Between Social Groups 226 The Role of Social Identity in PJ Theory 227 PJ as an Indicator of Group Conflict 228 The Aims of This Chapter 230 Methods 231 Measuring Migration Status 231 Measuring Ethnic Minority Status 232 Self-Reported Crime 233 Measuring Procedural Justice Concepts 233 Controls 234 Measures of Social and Economic Integration 234 Statistical Analyses 235 Findings 236 Section 1: Predictive Effects of Migration Status on Assessments of Police and Self-Reported Violence 236 Section 2: Explaining Migrants’ Orientation to the Police and Violent Offending 237 Section 3: Disentangling Migrant and Minority Ethnic Status 239 Discussion and Conclusions 242 Appendix: Variables Measuring Migrant and Ethnic Minority Status 245 Migrant Status 245 Ethnic Minority Status 245 References 247 Index 250 Front Matter ....Pages i-xv Introduction: How Relations to Institutions Shape Youth Integration—Ethno-Religious Minorities, National Contexts and Social Cohesion (Sebastian Roché, Mike Hough)....Pages 1-26 Front Matter ....Pages 27-27 Shame and Wrong: Is There a Common Morality Among Young People in France, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, and the USA? (Ineke Haen Marshall, Chris E. Marshall)....Pages 29-59 ‘Less Social Bonding, More Problems?’: An International Perspective on the Behaviour of (Migrant) Youth (Majone Steketee, Claire Aussems)....Pages 61-80 Parental Violence, Deprivation and Migrant Background (Dirk Enzmann, Ilka Kammigan)....Pages 81-101 Front Matter ....Pages 103-103 Religion and Attitudes Towards State Organizations: The Case of Schools. A Comparison Across Five Countries (Sebastian Roché, Sandrine Astor)....Pages 105-135 Direct and Indirect Influences of School System on Youth Delinquent Offending Among Migrant and Native-Born Students in Eight Countries (Renske S. van der Gaag, Majone Steketee)....Pages 137-165 Trust in the Police and Police Legitimacy Through the Eyes of Teenagers (Diego Farren, Mike Hough, Kath Murray, Susan McVie)....Pages 167-192 Perception of Police Unfairness Amongst Stigmatized Groups: The Impact of Ethnicity, Islamic Affiliation and Neighbourhood (Guillaume Roux)....Pages 193-217 Teenagers’ Perceptions of Legitimacy and Preparedness to Break the Law: The Impact of Migrant and Ethnic Minority Status (Diego Farren, Mike Hough)....Pages 219-243 Back Matter ....Pages 245-248 "This book examines processes of social integration and social cohesion among young people, drawing on data collected by the third International Self-Report Delinquency (ISRD) study, which covered 35 countries. The book focuses on the experience of five selected countries (France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States) to provide an in-depth comparative study."--Back cover