Migration and Integration Challenges of Muslim Immigrants in Europe: Debating Policies and Cultural Approaches (Politics of Citizenship and Migration)

"Migration and Integration Challenges of Muslim Immigrants in Europe: Debating Policies and Cultural Approaches" sheds new light on the complexity involved in the variegated and multifaceted migration interactions between Europe and the Muslim world. It does so by drawing on a rich selection of migration relationships, which greatly add to the existing knowledge about one of the most relevant and debated migration connections of our time. - Joaquín Arango, Professor of Sociology, Complutense University Madrid, Spain As the impetus of globalization continues to gather pace, more and more people leave their homes pursuing dreams of a better life for themselves and their families. Muslim immigrants converging on Europe from widely divergent communities scattered throughout North Africa, the Middle East and South-East Asia, represent a great variety of local cultures and traditions. Trans-Mediterranean networks form the basis of migration routes and are key factors in the destinations of these migrants and in the overall process of immigration, be this towards Europe or other Muslim countries. South-North fluxes intertwine with South-South fluxes, among which the Gulf Arab countries stand out as a prime destination, not only for low-skilled labour. Different situations emerge, within a variegated discourse on co-existence, integration, assimilation and the preservation of identity. The adoption of this transnational dimension incorporating both destination, and points of origin, enables the investigation of migration to move beyond a purely Eurocentric approach. Thus, different national patterns are analyzed with a focus on a number of significant case-studies. By debating policies and cultural approaches the aim is to add innovative scholarship to the challenge of integration. Cross-cultural pluralism on the part of the nation states comprising the European Union is one avenue for moving the dialogue between different cultural frameworks towards a more compatible form. Annemarie Profanter is Professor of Intercultural Pedagogy at the Faculty of Education of the Free University of Bolzano (unibz), Italy. Elena Maestri is Professor of History and Institutions of the Muslim World at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart (UCSC), Milan, Italy Acknowledgments Praise for Migration and Integration Challenges of Muslim Immigrants in Europe Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction Bibliography 2 Migration and the Muslim World: Perspectives and Challenges Introduction Migrants and Refugees’ Flows in the Muslim World: An Outline Hijra in Islamic Perspectives and Juridical Dimension Kafāla: An Institution of the Islamic Fiqh Rooted in Arab Tradition Non-Muslim Labour Migrants to the Gulf Statelessness and Instability in the MENA: Which Cooperation with Europe? Bibliography 3 Migration, Integration and Belonging: Pakistani Migrants in Britain and in the United Arab Emirates Introduction International Migration and Social Theory: The ‘Migration Project’ Research Methods The Pakistani Migration to Britain Migration from Pakistan to the UAE Pakistani Middle-Class Migrants in Dubai Integration and Belonging Conclusion Bibliography 4 Migration Changes and Integration Challenges in the Moroccan Case Introduction The Historical Trends of Migration from, Through and to Morocco Morocco as a Transit and Destination Country Recent Trends and Future Perspectives Migration and Development: A Focus on the Migrant-Sending Region of the Rif Characteristics of the Rif Region The Cultural Influence of the Riffian Diaspora The Link Between Migration and Development The Migration Policy and Integration Models in Morocco: The Moroccan Migration Policy from 2003 Until Today European Influence on the Moroccan Migration Policy Sub-Saharan Migrant Conditions Under the New Moroccan Migration Policy The European Trust Fund for Africa and Models of Integration in Morocco4 Live Together Without Discrimination: A Human Rights-Based Approach and Gender Equality Juridical Empowerment of Migrants Assistance to Vulnerable Migrants Mediterranean City-to-City Migration Project The Case of Tangier6 Integration: The Essential Path to Follow Bibliography 5 Ceuta and Melilla: Integration or Coexistence in a Plural Society Introduction The Singularity of Two European Cities Located in North Africa Integration in Ceuta and Melilla: Policies to Reduce the Gap The Growing Presence of Islam in Ceuta and Melilla Responses to Radicalism in Ceuta and Melilla Conclusion Bibliography 6 The Veil as Perceived and Real Boundary for Spanish Muslim Youth: Case by Case Regulation in Light of Discrimination and Individual Rights Claims Introduction Pluralism in European Societies: From Integration Models to Diversity Management The Veil’s Symbolism in European Diversity Management: Recognizing Its Intersectionality Islam in Spain: From Countries of Origin to Diverse Spanish Communities Regulation of the Veil in Spain Spanish Regulation Regarding the Veil in Educational Settings Spanish Regulation Regarding the Veil in the Workplace Previous Studies Recording Veil Discrimination in Spain A Madrid Qualitative Case Study: Muslim Youth of Migrant Origin and the Veil Perceptions of the Veil’s Varied Significance Experiences of Intersectional Discrimination Linked to the Veil Supporting and Facilitating Spanish Muslim Youth Individual Rights Claims Stricter Institutional Anti-discrimination Definitions, Accompanied by Support from Municipal Governments and Sociocultural Organizations Conclusion Bibliography 7 Resource Mobilization and the Institutional Frameword of Islam: The Integration of Muslim Turks in Germany Introduction The Development of Citizenship and Integration in Germany Defining Integration The Institutional Framework of Islam and Religious Organizations in Germany The Institutionalization of Islam in Germany Religious Organizations in Germany The Diyanet vs. Milli Görüş The Diyanet (DITIB) Milli Görüş: National Vision German Islam Conference (DIK) The Headscarf Debate Milli Görüş and Diyanet’s Relations with German Authorities and Approaches to Integration Conclusion Bibliography 8 Immigration in Europe and Italy: Different Perspectives, Shared Challenges? Introduction EU Migration Policies Italy—the Fortress of Europe The Migration Phenomenon: A Historical Overview Political Climate (Change) and Immigration Policies The Muslim (Immigrant) Population in Italy The Integration Model(s) in Italy Conclusion Bibliography 9 Conclusion Bibliography Index "Migration and Integration Challenges of Muslim Immigrants in Europe: Debating Policies and Cultural Approaches" sheds new light on the complexity involved in the variegated and multifaceted migration interactions between Europe and the Muslim world. It does so by drawing on a rich selection of migration relationships, which greatly add to the existing knowledge about one of the most relevant and debated migration connections of our time. - Joaquín Arango, Professor of Sociology, Complutense University Madrid, Spain As the impetus of globalization continues to gather pace, more and more people leave their homes pursuing dreams of a better life for themselves and their families. Muslim immigrants converging on Europe from widely divergent communities scattered throughout North Africa, the Middle East and South-East Asia, represent a great variety of local cultures and traditions. Trans-Mediterranean networks form the basis of migration routes and are key factors in the destinations of these migrants and in the overall process of immigration, be this towards Europe or other Muslim countries. South-North fluxes intertwine with South-South fluxes, among which the Gulf Arab countries stand out as a prime destination, not only for low-skilled labour. Different situations emerge, within a variegated discourse on co-existence, integration, assimilation and the preservation of identity. The adoption of this transnational dimension incorporating both destination, and points of origin, enables the investigation of migration to move beyond a purely Eurocentric approach. Thus, different national patterns are analyzed with a focus on a number of significant case-studies. By debating policies and cultural approaches the aim is to add innovative scholarship to the challenge of integration. Cross-cultural pluralism on the part of the nation states comprising the European Union is one avenue for moving the dialogue between different cultural frameworks towards a more compatible form. Annemarie Profanter is Professor of Intercultural Pedagogy at the Faculty of Education of the Free University of Bolzano (unibz), Italy. Elena Maestri is Professor of History and Institutions of the Muslim World at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart (UCSC), Milan, Italy