Migration and Health: Critical Perspectives (Critical Approaches to Health)

__Migration and Health: Critical Perspectives__ offers a radical rethinking of the field by unsettling conventional ideas of mobility and borders to highlight the ways in which they produce health inequalities. Covering a wide range of topics, the text provides insight through a critical lens, and proposes areas for intervention along with an added emphasis on the need for future research to address the health inequities that affect migrants. It illustrates how a critical perspective can deepen our understanding of the relationship between migration and health, which remains a defining global issue of our century. The text employs a critical approach to examine the structural conditions of inequality and larger historical and political processes, recognizing that exclusionary bordering practices increasingly occur away from physical points of entry. It posits the concept of migration as complex, tangled and multi-directional and underscores how migrant vulnerability can shape the lives of people in wider communities. Furthermore, it acknowledges diverse and intersectional standpoints, as well as shifting spatial and temporal influences. Chapters include coverage of health in transit; healthcare access and utilization; clinical encounters; communicable disease; labor and occupational health; gender and sexuality; immigration enforcement, detention, deportation; and the effects of forced displacement on refugee and asylum-seeker health. The text is useful for students and scholars of migration or health disparities seeking to understand how the two issues can be approached in a more holistic and critical way. It is further aimed at practitioners and policymakers who are interested in gaining familiarity with the structural conditions of inequality along with the larger historical and political processes that influence contemporary migration patterns. Migration and Health: Critical Perspectives offers a radical rethinking of the field by unsettling conventional ideas of mobility and borders to highlight the ways in which they produce health inequalities. Covering a wide range of topics, the text provides insight through a critical lens and proposes areas for intervention along with future research needs to address the health inequities that affect migrants. It illustrates how a critical perspective can deepen our understanding of the relationship between migration and health, which remains a defining global issue of our century.The text employs a critical approach to examine the structural conditions of inequality and larger historical and political processes, recognizing that exclusionary bordering practices increasingly occur away from physical points of entry. It posits the concept of migration as complex, tangled, and multi-directional and underscores how migrant vulnerability can shape the lives of people in broader communities. Furthermore, it acknowledges diverse and intersectional standpoints, as well as shifting spatial and temporal influences. Chapters include coverage of health in transit; health care access and utilization; clinical encounters; communicable disease; labor and occupational health; gender and sexuality; immigration enforcement, detention, deportation; and the effects of forced displacement on refugee and asylum seeker health.The text is useful for students and scholars of migration or health disparities seeking to understand how the two issues can be approached in a more holistic and critical way. It is further aimed at practitioners and policymakers who are interested in gaining familiarity with the structural conditions of inequality along with the larger historical and political processes that influence contemporary migration patterns. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Series Information 3 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Table of Contents 8 Preface 12 1 Introduction 16 A Defining Global Issue 17 Critical Perspectives On Migrant Health 18 Empirical Challenges 20 Outline of the Book 22 2 Critical Perspectives On Migration and Health 27 Critical Border Studies 27 “Citizens” and “Migrants”: Questions of Sovereignty, Il/Legality, and Inequality 29 Who Is a Migrant? Conceptual Pitfalls 32 Critical Perspectives On Health 36 “Healthy Migrant Effects” and Immigrant Health Paradoxes 40 Integration, Incorporation, and Acculturation 41 Pathogenic Conditions: From Behavioral Explanations to Structural Approaches 44 Conclusion 46 3 Health in Transit 47 Critical Approaches to Understanding Health in Transit 49 Violence of Border Controls and Production of Illegality 50 Forced Immobility and Stuckness 52 Smuggling and Trafficking 53 Respatialization of Border Controls: Externalization and Internalization Practices 54 Family Shifts and Separation Through Migration 57 Cross-Border Ties: Implications for Health 58 Conclusion 60 4 Health Care Access and Utilization 61 Critical Approaches to Understanding Health Care Access and Utilization 63 Policy Frameworks Determining Access to Medical Care 64 Beyond Policy: Other Barriers to Access 67 Spillover Effects of Lack of Access 68 Health Providers as Gatekeepers, Street-Level Bureaucrats 69 Access Via Charity Clinics, NGOs, and Nonprofits 70 Alternative Strategies for Treatment 71 Conclusion 72 5 The Clinical Encounter 73 Critical Approaches to Understanding the Clinical Encounter 75 Language and Communication Barriers 76 Patient-Centeredness, Diversity Sensitivity, and Cultural Competency 77 Structural Competency in the Clinic 79 Health “Literacy,” Health Care Navigators, and Cultural Mediators 80 Diversity in the Clinical Workforce 81 “Migration Aware” Whole System Approaches 81 Conclusion 82 6 Communicable Disease 83 Critical Approaches to Understanding Communicable Disease 85 Legacies of Colonialism: The Diseased “Other,” Border Controls, and Stigma 85 Tuberculosis: “Penalty” for the Ruthless Exploitation of Labor 87 HIV/AIDS: From Stigma to Specific Vulnerabilities for Migrants 88 COVID-19: Management of Human Mobility at the Global Scale 90 Conclusion 94 7 Labor and Occupational Health 95 Critical Approaches to Understanding Labor and Occupational Health 97 Occupational Hazards 100 Labor Abuses: Trafficking and Wage Theft 101 Worker Injury and Injustices 102 Demonstrating Deservingness and Legitimacy in the Medical Encounter 104 Conclusion 106 8 Gender, Sexuality, and Migrant Health 107 Critical Approaches to Understanding Gender, Sexuality, and Migrant Health 110 Shifts in Family Structures, Conjugal Relationships, and Gender Roles 110 Gender and Reproduction 111 Transnational Parenting 113 Migration and Masculinities 114 Sexual and Queer Migrations 114 Sexual Health 115 Intimate Partner Violence 116 Conclusion 116 9 Health Impacts of Enforcement, Detention, and Deportation 118 Critical Approaches to Understanding Health Impacts of Enforcement, Detention, and Deportation 120 Fear of Deportation and Effects On Mental and Emotional Health 122 Physical Health Impacts of Deportability 123 Effects On Health Service Access and Health-Seeking Behavior 123 Immigration Raids 124 Health Issues During the Detention Or Deportation Process 124 Impacts of Deportation On Children 125 Impacts of Deportation On the Larger Family Unit 127 Impacts of Deportation On Communities 128 After Deportation: Return to Country of Origin 128 Conclusion 129 10 Forced Displacement: Refugee and Asylum Seeker Health 131 Critical Approaches to Understanding Forced Displacement: Refugee and Asylum Seeker Health 133 Protracted Displacement: Camps, Sustained Detention, and Reception Centers 134 Medical Examinations and “Proof” of Torture and Persecution 136 Health Care Access for Refugees and Asylum Seekers 136 Unique Health Needs of Refugees 138 Refugee Mental Health 139 Conclusion 140 11 Conclusion 142 Moving Forward With a Critical Agenda 142 The Search for Solutions 144 Future Research Imperatives 145 References 150 Index 176