Microstrip Lines and Slotlines, Fourth Edition

Microstrip Lines and Slotlines, Fourth Edition Contents Preface Chapter 1 Microstrip Lines I: Quasi-Static Analyses, Dispersion Models, and Measurements 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Planar Transmission Structures 1.1.2 Microstrip Field Configuration 1.1.3 Methods of Microstrip Analysis 1.2 Quasi-Static Analyses of a Microstrip 1.2.1 Modified Conformal Transformation Method 1.2.2 Finite Difference Method 1.2.3 Integral Equation Method 1.2.4 Variational Method in the Fourier Transform Domain 1.2.5 Segmentation and Boundary Element Method 1.3 Microstrip Dispersion Models 1.3.1 Coupled TEM Mode and TM Mode Model 1.3.2 An Empirical Relation [35] 1.3.3 Dielectric-Loaded Ridged Waveguide Model [36] 1.3.4 Empirical Formulae for Broad Frequency Range 1.3.5 Planar Waveguide Model 1.3.6 Some Comments 1.4 Microstrip Transitions 1.4.1 Coaxial-to-Microstrip Transition 1.4.2 Waveguide-to-Microstrip Transition 1.5 Microstrip Measurements 1.5.1 Substrate Dielectric Constant 1.5.2 Characteristic Impedance 1.5.3 Phase Velocity or Effective Dielectric Constant 1.5.4 Attenuation Constant 1.6 Fabrication References Chapter 2 Microstrip Lines II: FullwaveAnalyses, Design Considerations, and Applications 2.1 Methods of Fullwave Analysis 2.2 Analysis of an Open Microstrip 2.2.1 Integral Equation Method in the Space Domain 2.2.2 Galerkin's Method in the Spectral Domain [2, 3] 2.2.3 Discussion of Results 2.3 Analysis of an Enclosed Microstrip 2.3.1 Integral Equation Methods [6−10] 2.3.2 Finite Difference Method 2.3.3 Discussion of Results 2.4 Design Considerations 2.4.1 Microstrip Losses 2.4.2 Power Handling Capability [28] 2.4.3 Effect of Tolerances [38] 2.4.4 Effect of Dielectric Anisotropy 2.4.5 Design Eq 2.4.6 Frequency Range of Operation 2.4.7 Lumped Element Model of Microstrip Interconnect 2.5 Other Types of Microstrip Lines 2.5.1 Suspended and Inverted Microstrip Lines 2.5.2 Multilayered Dielectric Microstrip 2.5.3 Thin Film Microstrip 2.5.4 Buried Microstrip Line 2.5.5 Recessed-Ground Microstrip Lines 2.5.6 Slow-Wave Microstrip Lines 2.6 Microstrip Applications References Chapter 3 Microstrip Discontinuities: Analysis, Characterization, and Compensation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Discontinuity Capacitance Evaluation 3.2.1 Integral Equation Method 3.2.2 Variational Method in Space Domain 3.2.3 Galerkin’s Method in the Fourier Transform Domain 3.2.4 Use of Line Sources with Charge Reversal 3.3 Discontinuity Inductance Evaluation 3.4 Discontinuity Capacitance, Inductance, and Radiation Data 3.4.1 Open-End Discontinuity in Microstrip Line 3.4.2 Gap Discontinuity in Microstrip Line 3.4.3 Step-in-Width Microstrip Discontinuity 3.4.4 Bends in Microstrip Line 3.4.5 T-Junction in Microstrip Line 3.4.6 Cross Junction in Microstrip Line 3.4.7 Notch in Microstrip Line 3.4.8 RF Short and Via Hole in Microstrip Line 3.5 Fullwave Analysis of Discontinuities 3.5.1 Galerkin’s Method in the Spectral Domain 3.5.2 Integral Equation Solution in Space Domain 3.6 Planar Waveguide Analysis of Junction Discontinui 3.6.1 Step in Width Discontinuity 3.6.2 Symmetric T-Junction Discontinuity 3.6.3 Right-Angled Bend and Cross-Junction Discontinuities 3.7 Radiation and Parasitic Coupling 3.7.1 Radiation from Microstrip Discontinuities 3.7.2 Spurious Coupling Among Discontinuities Due to Radiation 3.8 Compensated Microstrip Junction Discontinuiti 3.8.1 Compensated Step-in-Width 3.8.2 Compensated Symmetric Microstrip Bends 3.8.3 Compensated Symmetric Microstrip T-Junction 3.9 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Coupled Microstrip Lines 4.1 Introduction 4.2 General Analysis of Coupled Lines 4.2.1 Methods of Analysis 4.2.2 Coupled Mode Approach [9−11] 4.2.3 Even- and Odd-Mode Approach 4.3 Characteristics of Coupled Microstrip Lines 4.3.1 Quasi-Static Analysis 4.3.2 Fullwave Analysis 4.3.3 Dispersion Models 4.4 Measurements on Coupled Microstrip Lines 4.4.1 Impedance Measurements 4.4.2 Phase Constant Measurements 4.5 Design Considerations for Coupled Microstrip Lines 4.5.1 Design Equations 4.5.2 Losses [60] 4.5.3 Effect of Fabrication Tolerances [62] 4.5.4 Coupled Microstrip Lines with Dielectric Overlays 4.5.5 Effect of Dielectric Anisotropy 4.6 Slot-Coupled Microstrip Lines 4.7 Coupled Multiconductor Microstrip Lines 4.8 Discontinuities in Coupled Microstrip Lines 4.8.1 Network Model [87] 4.8.2 Open-End Discontinuity 4.9 Coupled-Microstrip Applications References Chapter 5 Slotlines 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Slotline Analysis 5.2.1 Approximate Analysis 5.2.2 Transverse Resonance Method 5.2.3 Galerkin’s Method in the Spectral Domain 5.3 Design Considera 5.3.1 Closed-Form Expressions 5.3.2 Effect of Metal Thickness 5.3.3 Effect of Tolerances [18] 5.3.4 Losses in Slotline 5.4 Slotline Discontinuities 5.4.1 Short End Discontinuity 5.4.2 Open End Discontinuity 5.5 Variants of Slotline 5.5.1 Coupled Microstrip-Slotline 5.5.2 Conductor-Backed Slotline 5.5.3 Conductor-Backed Slotline with Superstrate 5.5.4 Slotlines with Double-Layered Dielectric 5.6 Slotline Transitions 5.6.1 Coaxial-to-Slotline Transition 5.6.2 Microstrip-to-Slotline Cross-Junction Transition 5.7 Slotline Applications 5.7.1 Circuits Using T-Junctions 5.7.2 Circuits Using Wideband 180° Phase Shift 5.7.3 Hybrid/de Ronde’s Branch-Line Couplers 5.7.4 Other Types of Slotline Circuits References Appendix 5A: Susceptance Calculation for the TransverseResonance Method Chapter 6 Defected Ground Structure 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Basic Structure of DGS 6.1.2 Unit Cell and Periodic DGS 6.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of DGS 6.2 DGS Characteristics 6.2.1 Stop-Band Prope 6.2.2 Slow-Wave Propagation 6.2.3 Realization of Transmission Lines with High Characteristic Impedance 6.3 Modeling of DGS 6.3.1 Full-Wave Modeling 6.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Models 6.4 Applications of DGS 6.4.1 DGS-Based Filters 6.4.2 Other DGS-Based Passive Components 6.4.3 DGS-Based Active Circuits 6.4.4 DGS-Based Antennas References Chapter 7 Coplanar Lines: Coplanar Waveguide and Coplanar Strips 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Analysi 7.2.1 Quasi-Static Conformal Mapping Analysis of CPW 7.2.2 Quasi-Static Conformal Mapping Analysis of CPS 7.2.3 Galerkin’s Method in Spectral Domain 7.3 Design Considerations 7.3.1 Design Equations 7.3.2 Dispersion 7.3.3 Effect of Metallization Thickness 7.4 Losses in Coplanar Lines 7.4.1 Dielectric Loss 7.4.2 Conductor Loss 7.4.3 Radiation and Surface Wave Losses 7.5 Effect of Tolerances 7.6 Comparison with Microstrip Line and Slotline 7.7 Transitions 7.7.1 Coax-to-CPW Transitions [71] 7.7.2 Microstrip-to-CPS Transitions 7.7.3 Microstrip-to-CPW Transition [27] 7.7.4 CPW-to-CPS Transitions 7.7.5 CPS-to-Slotline Transitions 7.7.6 Slotline-to-CPW Transitions 7.8 Discontinuities in Coplanar Lines 7.8.1 CAD Models for Discontinuities in Coplanar Waveguide Circuits 7.8.2 CAD Models for Discontinuities in Coplanar Strips Circuits 7.9 Coplanar Line Circuits 7.9.1 Circuits with Series and Shunt Reactances in CPW 7.9.2 Circuits Using Slotline-CPW Junctions References Chapter 8 Metamaterials and Planar Transmission Lines 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Historical Background of MTM 8.1.2 Classification of Materials 8.1.3 Principle of Operation of Metamaterials 8.1.4 Different Classes of Metamaterial Transmission Lines 8.2 Planar Version of Metamaterials 8.2.1 Transmission Line Realization of CRLH MTM 8.3 CRLH Transmission Line Characteristics 8.3.1 Dispersion Diagram of CRLH Transmission Li 8.3.2 Equivalent CRLH Transmission Line Model 8.3.3 CRLH TL Versus Conventional TL 8.4 Applications of CRLH Transmission Lines 8.4.1 CRLH TL Based Passive Components 8.4.2 CRLH TL Based Antennas References Appendix 8A: Fundamentals of Left-Handed Materials 8A.1 Snell’s Law and Negative Refraction 8A.2 Focusing by a Flat LH Lens Chapter 9 Substrate Integrated Waveguides 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Geometry of SIW 9.1.2 Principle of Operation 9.2 Analysis of SI 9.2.1 Rectangular Waveguide Equivalent of SIW 9.2.2 Full-Wave Analysis of SIW Guide 9.2.3 Full-Wave Analysis of SIW Components 9.2.4 Equivalent Circuit Models for SIW Comp 9.3 Design Considerations 9.3.1 Mechanism of Loss 9.3.2 Guided-Wave and Leaky-Wave Regions of Operation 9.3.3 Bandgap Effects in SIW Guide 9.3.4 SIW Design Rules 9.4 Variants of SIW 9.4.1 Substrate Integrated Folded Waveguide 9.4.2 Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide 9.4.3 Substrate Integrated Slab Waveguide 9.4.4 Substrate Integrated Ridge Waveguide 9.5 Transitions Between SIW and Planar Lines 9.5.1 Microstrip-SIW Transitions 9.5.2 CPW-SIW Transit 9.6 SIW Circuits and Antennas 9.6.1 Passive SIW Components 9.6.2 SIW Active Circuits 9.6.3 SIW Antennas 9.6.4 Comparison of SIW and Planar Lines 9.6.5 System-on-Substrate 9.7 Fabrication Technologies and Materials 9.7.1 Fabrication Using PCB and LTCC Technologies 9.7.2 Integration of SIW on Silicon 9.7.3 Use of Novel Substrate Materials 9.7.4 Millimeter-Wave Operation of SIW References Chapter 10 Modeling and Simulations 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Limitations of Analytical Solution Techniques 10.1.2 Computational Solution Techniques 10.1.3 Advantages of EM Simulation-Based Analysis 10.1.4 Computer Resources Requirements 10.2 Modeling for Analysis and Design 10.2.1 The Need for Models 10.2.2 Levels of Modeling 10.2.3 Modeling Process 10.2.4 Limitations of Models 10.2.5 Accurate Lumped Parameter Model of a Transmission Line Segment 10.2.6 Need for Lumped Equivalent Circuit Modeling for RF Passives 10.2.7 Physics-Based Model of Transmission Lines 10.2.8 Modeling for Transmission Lines as High-Speed Interconnects 10.3 Efficiency Enhancement of Numerical S 10.3.1 Analytic Extension of Eigenvalues for Fast Frequency Sweep 10.3.2 Fast and Efficient Algorithms 10.3.3 Hardware Based Speed-Up 10.3.4 Nonuniform Discretization of Strip Geometry 10.3.5 Modeling the Effect of Strip Thickness on the Characteristics of Printed Lines 10.3.6 Modeling the Effect of Surface Roughness of Strip on Conductor Loss 10.3.7 Time Versus Frequency Domain Solutions References Appendix About the Authors Index