[Microorganisms for Sustainability] Emerging Eco-friendly Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Volume 18 ||

As we know, rapid industrialization is a serious concern in the context of a healthy environment and public health due to the generation of huge volumes of toxic wastewater. Although various physico-chemical and biological approaches are available for the treatment of this wastewater, many of them are not effective. Now, there a number of emerging ecofriendly, cost-effective approaches utilizing microorganisms (bacterial/fungi/algae), green plants or their enzymes, and constructed wetland treatment systems in the treatment of wastewaters containing pollutants such as endocrine disrupting chemicals, toxic metals, pesticides, dyes, petroleum hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds. This book provides a much-needed, comprehensive overview of the various types of wastewater and their ecotoxicological effects on the environment, humans, animals and plants as well as various emerging and eco-friendly approaches for their treatment. It provides insights into the ecological problems and challenges in the treatment and management of wastewaters generated by various sources. Preface Acknowledgements Contents About the Series Editor Editor and Contributors About the Editor Contributors Chapter 1: Green Technologies for the Treatment of Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Wastewaters 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals Worldwide 1.3 Ecotoxicological Effects 1.4 Alternative Treatments 1.4.1 Microalgal 1.4.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) 1.4.3 Adsorption 1.4.4 Enzymatic Bioreactor 1.5 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Constructed Wetlands: An Emerging Green Technology for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Current Scenario About Constructed Wetland Treating Industrial Wastewater 2.3 Constructed Wetland Classifications 2.3.1 Surface Water Flow CW (SCW) 2.3.2 Subsurface Flow CW (SSCW) 2.3.2.1 Horizontal Subsurface Flow CW (HSSCW) 2.3.2.2 Vertical Subsurface Flow CW (VSSCW) 2.3.3 Hybrid Constructed Wetlands (HCW) 2.3.4 Advanced CWs 2.4 Factors Influencing the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters by CW 2.4.1 Organic Loading 2.4.2 Clogging 2.4.3 pH 2.4.4 Temperature 2.5 Pollutant Removal and Operation and Maintenance for CW Treating Industrial Wastewater 2.6 Economical Consideration of CW for Treating Industrial Wastewater 2.7 Future Consideration 2.8 Summary and Conclusion References Chapter 3: Application of Nanoparticles in Environmental Cleanup: Production, Potential Risks and Solutions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 A Brief Description of Nanoparticles 3.3 Applications of Nanotechnology for Remediation and the Mechanisms 3.4 Common Groups of Nanomaterials Used for Remediation 3.4.1 Nano Zero-Valent Irons 3.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes 3.4.3 Zeolites 3.4.4 Metal Oxides 3.5 Risks of Nanotechnology Application: Cases and Management 3.6 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Efficiency of Algae for Heavy Metal Removal, Bioenergy Production, and Carbon Sequestration 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Sources of Heavy Metals 4.3 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 4.3.1 Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Animals 4.3.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Plants 4.4 Remediation of Heavy Metals from Water and Wastewater 4.5 Phycoremediation 4.5.1 Factors Influencing Phycoremediation 4.5.1.1 Effect of pH 4.5.1.2 Effect of Temperature 4.5.1.3 Effect of Contact Time 4.5.1.4 Effect of Biomass Concentration 4.5.1.5 Effect of Metal Ion Concentration 4.6 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Algae 4.7 Bioenergy Production by Algae 4.8 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Advances in Plant–Microbe-Based Remediation Approaches for Environmental Cleanup 5.1 Environmental Pollution and Its Effect on Organisms: An Overview 5.2 Remediation Strategies for Environmental Cleanup 5.3 Physicochemical Approaches 5.3.1 Replacement and Treatment of Contaminated Soil 5.3.2 Soil Washing 5.3.3 Solidification and Stabilization 5.3.4 Vacuum Extraction 5.3.5 Chemical Decontamination 5.3.6 Electro-Kinetic Method 5.3.7 Thermal Methods 5.3.8 Biological Methods 5.3.8.1 Bioremediation 5.3.8.2 Phytoremediation 5.4 Plant–Microbe Partnership for Improved Remediation of Pollutants 5.5 Transgenic Technology for Enhanced Phytoremediation 5.6 Nanotechnology to Enhance the Efficiency of Phyto-bio Remediation 5.7 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Bioprocessing of Cane Molasses to Produce Ethanol and Its Derived Products from South Indian Distillery 6.1 Ethanol 6.2 Ethanol in India 6.3 Ethanol Production in South Indian Distilleries 6.3.1 Feed Preparation 6.3.2 Fermentation of Sugars by Yeast: Ethanol Production 6.3.3 Distillation Process 6.3.3.1 Rectified Spirit 6.3.3.2 Neutral Spirit or Neutral Alcohol 6.3.4 Dehydration of Ethanol 6.3.4.1 Azeotropic Distillation 6.3.4.2 Molecular Sieve Technology 6.4 Derived Products from Ethanol 6.4.1 Acetaldehyde 6.4.2 Acetic Acid 6.4.3 Ethyl Acetate 6.5 Uses of Ethanol 6.6 Wastewater Generation from Ethanol Production and Its Treatment Practices 6.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion 6.6.2 Reverse Osmosis 6.6.3 Biocomposting 6.7 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 7: Biological and Nonbiological Approaches for Treatment of Cr(VI) in Tannery Effluent 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Production and Properties of Tannery Effluent 7.3 Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards of Tannery Effluent 7.4 Cr(VI) as a Major Pollutant in Tannery Effluent 7.4.1 Impact of Chromium Compounds on Environment 7.4.2 Health Hazards of Chromium Compounds 7.5 Nonbiological Methodologies for Effluent Remediation 7.5.1 Chemical Precipitation 7.5.2 Ion Exchange 7.5.3 Reverse Osmosis 7.5.4 In Situ Chemical Sorption 7.5.5 Electrochemical Technique 7.6 Biological Methodologies for Effluent Remediation 7.6.1 Bacterial Removal of Chromate Ions 7.6.1.1 Bacterial Biomass Used for Bulk Removal of Metal Ions 7.6.2 Fungal and Yeast Removal of Chromate Ions 7.6.3 Algal Removal of Chromate Ions 7.6.4 Phytoremediation of Chromate Ions 7.7 Emerging Trends and Future Prospects 7.8 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Photocatalysis as a Clean Technology for the Degradation of Petrochemical Pollutants 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Petrochemical Pollutants 8.3 Diversity of Petrochemical Pollutants 8.3.1 Petrochemicals from Downstream Products 8.3.1.1 Downstream Petrochemical Products from Methane 8.3.1.2 Downstream Petrochemical Products from Ethylene 8.3.1.3 Down-Stream Petrochemical Products from Benzene 8.3.1.4 Down-Stream Petrochemical Products from Other Primary Compounds 8.4 Treatment of Wastewater and Petrochemical Pollutants 8.4.1 Treatment of Wastewater Pollutants 8.4.2 Treatment of Petrochemical Pollutants 8.5 Advance Methods for the Treatment of Petrochemical Pollutants 8.5.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes 8.5.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants 8.5.2.1 Photocatalysis as a Clean Technology 8.5.2.2 Photocatalysis as a Green Technology 8.6 Challenges in Treatment of Petrochemical Pollutants 8.7 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Sustainable Management of Toxic Industrial Effluent of Coal-Based Power Plants 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Generation and Composition of Coke Wastewater 9.1.2 Sampling of Wastewater 9.1.3 Toxic Nature of Wastewater 9.2 Conventional Treatment Methods 9.2.1 Physiochemical Methods 9.2.2 Biological Treatment 9.2.2.1 Single-Step Activated Sludge Process 9.2.2.2 Multistep Activated Sludge Process 9.2.2.3 Activated Sludge in Sequential Batch Reactor 9.2.2.4 Fixed Biofilm-Based Treatment 9.2.2.5 Biological Aerated Filters-Based Treatment 9.2.2.6 Fluidized-Bed Reactor-Based Treatment 9.2.2.7 Bioaugmentation-Based Treatment 9.3 Integrated Treatment Approach 9.3.1 Membrane Bioreactor Followed by Biological Treatment 9.3.2 ASP Integrated with Chemical Pre-treatment 9.4 Extraction Value Added Products from the Coking Wastewater 9.5 Membrane Separation Technology for the Treatment of Coking Wastewater 9.6 Reclamation of Wastewater Using Novel Forward Osmosis-Nano Filtration (FO-NF) System 9.7 Membrane-Based Hybrid Treatment System 9.8 Conclusions References Chapter 10: Removal of Organic Pollutants from Contaminated Water Bodies by Using Aquatic Macrophytes Coupled with Bioenergy Production and Carbon Sequestration 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Types of Contaminates Present in Aquatic Ecosystems 10.3 Sources of Organic Pollution 10.4 Toxicity of Organic Pollution to Plants and Animals 10.5 Abundance and Ecology of Aquatic Macrophytes 10.6 Removal of Organic Contaminants 10.7 Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants Using Aquatic Macrophytes 10.8 Factors Affecting Phytoremediation of Organic Contaminants by Using Macrophytes 10.8.1 pH of Growing Medium 10.8.2 Temperature 10.8.3 Plant Species 10.9 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Macrophytes 10.10 Biofuel Production by Macrophytes 10.11 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Biopolymers and Their Application in Wastewater Treatment 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Biopolymers and Their Classification 11.3 Mechanism of Action of Biopolymers for Wastewater Treatment 11.3.1 By Bridge Formation 11.3.2 By Electrostatic Patch 11.3.3 By Adsorption 11.3.4 By Coagulation/Flocculation 11.4 Effect of Factors on Efficacy of Biopolymers 11.4.1 Effect of pH 11.4.2 Effect of Size 11.4.3 Effect of Dose of Biopolymers 11.4.4 Effect of Contact Time 11.4.5 Effect of Temperature 11.5 Biopolymers for Wastewater Treatment 11.5.1 Chitosan 11.5.2 Cellulose 11.5.3 Alginates 11.5.4 Gum and Mucilage 11.5.5 Tannin 11.6 Advantages and Current Challenges 11.7 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Recovery of Rare Earths, Precious Metals and Bioreduction of Toxic Metals from Wastewater Using Algae 12.1 Background 12.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 12.2.1 Thallium Toxicity 12.2.2 Cadmium Toxicity 12.2.3 Chromium Toxicity 12.3 Precious Metals and Rare Earth Elements 12.3.1 Gold 12.3.2 Lanthanum 12.4 Bioremediation Technologies 12.4.1 Phytoremediation 12.4.2 Bio-adsorption 12.4.2.1 Mechanisms in Bio-adsorption Processes 12.4.2.2 Microalgae as Sorbents for Heavy Metals 12.4.2.3 Immobilisation of Microalgal Cells 12.5 Bioflocculation 12.5.1 Algal-Bacterial Bioflocculation 12.5.2 Algal-Fungal Bioflocculation 12.5.3 Algal-Algal Bioflocculation 12.6 Bio-recovery of Precious Metals and Rare Earths 12.6.1 Gold Recovery 12.6.2 Chromium Recovery 12.7 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Green Synthesized Nanoparticle-Mediated Wastewater Treatment 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles 13.3 Use of Various Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatments 13.4 Conclusion and Future Prospective References Chapter 14: Microbial Communities in Constructed Wetland Microcosms and Their Role in Treatment of Domestic Wastewater 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Microorganisms in CWMs and Their Role in Treatment Process 14.3 Microbially Mediated Reactions in CWMs 14.4 Seasonal Variability Among Microbial Communities with Respect to Macrophytes 14.5 Enzyme Activity 14.6 Effect of Temperature on Microbial Activity 14.7 Effect of DO on Microbial Activity 14.8 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Agricultural Waste: Its Impact on Environment and Management Approaches 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Scenario of Waste Collection in India 15.1.2 Types of Waste 15.1.3 Classification of Waste 15.1.3.1 According to Physical Condition (Properties) Solid Waste Liquid Waste 15.1.3.2 According to Their Properties Biodegradable Wastes Non-biodegradable Wastes 15.1.3.3 According to Their Effect on Human Health and Environment Hazardous Waste Nonhazardous 15.1.3.4 According to Their Origin Nuclear Waste Thermal Waste Plastic Waste Biomedical Waste E-Waste 15.1.3.5 According to Reuse of Wastes Reusable/Recyclable Waste Nonreusable Waste 15.2 Agriculture Waste 15.2.1 Definition 15.2.2 Types of Agriculture Waste 15.2.2.1 Agriculture Crop Residues Organic Composting from Crop Residue Importance of Crop Residue Biofuel Production from Crop Residue Mineralization Through Crop Residue Efficiency of Nutrient Uptake Composition of Crop Residue Waste 15.2.2.2 Waste from Agricultural Livestock Types of Livestock Waste Solid Waste Slurry Importance of Agro-Livestock Waste 15.2.2.3 Agro-Industry Waste Waste from Fruit and Vegetable Agricultural Waste Generation 15.3 Impact of Agricultural Waste 15.3.1 Soil 15.3.2 Environment 15.3.3 Human Health 15.4 Conversion and Utilization of Agricultural Waste 15.4.1 Agricultural Waste Improves Soil Fertility 15.4.2 Conservation of Paddy Straw Waste Material 15.4.3 Utilization of Biogas Plant Waste 15.4.4 Utilization of Floricultural Waste Product 15.4.5 Conservation of Horticultural Waste Product 15.4.6 Uses of Sugarcane Waste Product 15.4.7 Conservation of Cotton Waste Material 15.5 Summary References