Microgrids

Microgrids offers a complete discussion and details about microgrids and their applications, including modeling of AC/DC and hybrid grids in a tied mode with simulation for the solar systems, wind turbines, biomass and fuel cells, and deployment issues. The data communications and control mechanism implementations are analyzed for proper coordination of the AC/DC microgrid. The various real-time applications and future development of the microgrid are also discussed in this book, with MATLAB(R)-based simulations and results. This book: Discusses the fundamentals of microgrids, the components of microgrids, the modeling of renewable energy sources, and the implementation of microgrids. Explores AC and DC microgrid modeling with real-time examples. Examines the effective extraction of energy from renewable energy sources. Covers analysis of data communications and control-mechanism implementations. Includes HOMER/MATLAB(R)-based simulations and results on microgrids. This book would be a welcome addition to the libraries of researchers, senior undergraduate students, and graduate students in power and electrical engineering, especially those working with smart and microgrids. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Contributors 1. Introduction to Microgrids 1. Introduction 1.1. Features of a Microgrid 1.2. Microgrid Standards 1.3. Architecture of a Microgrid 2. Technical Challenges in Microgrids 2.1. Prerequisites to Efficiently Operate a Microgrid 2.2. Classification of Microgrid [12] 3. Basic Components of a Microgrid 3.1. Distribution Generations (DGs) Power System 3.2. Storage Devices 3.3. Control Techniques 3.3.1 Grid-Connected Mode 3.3.2 Microgrid Island Mode [21,22] 3.3.3 Microgrid Central Control Method 3.3.4 Point of Common Coupling References 2. Renewable Energy Sources 1. Introduction 1.1. Wind Turbines 1.2. PV Cells 1.3. Microturbines 1.4. Fuel Cells 2. Hybrid PV-Wind System 3. FC System 4. Back-Up Components 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Diesel Generator 4.3. Battery 4.4. Inverter 4.5. Control Equipment 5. System Optimization 5.1. Cost Optimization 5.2. Efficiency Optimization 6. Need for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems 6.1. Advantages of Hybrid Power Systems 6.2. Simulation Tools for Hybrid PV Systems 7. Hybrid Optimization Model For Electric Renewable 7.1. Numerical Simulation Results 7.2. Optimization 7.3. Sensitivity Analysis 7.4. Economic Modelling 7.5. Environmental Analysis 7.6. Generators, Boiler, and Reformer 7.7. Grid 8. Location and Load Data 8.1. Resource Data 8.2. Components and Cost Assessment 9. HOMER Modeling 9.1. Simulation 9.2. Optimization 10. Conclusion References 3. AC/DC Microgrids 1. Introduction 1.1. Island Mode 1.2. Grid-Connected Mode 2. Power Supply Types of Microgrids 2.1. DC Microgrid 2.2. An AC Microgrid 2.3. Inverter 2.4. Boost Converter 2.5. AC/DC Microgrid 3. Distributed Generation Sources-Based Microgrids 4. Scenario-Based Microgrids 4.1. Campus Environment or Institutional Microgrids 4.2. Remote Island Microgrids 4.3. Military Microgrids 4.4. Residence and Industrial Microgrids 5. Size of the Microgrids 6. Comparison of AC and DC Microgrid References 4. Microgrid Modeling and Simulations 1. Introduction 2. Loads 2.1. Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) 3. Modeling of Photovoltaic Cell 3.1. PV System 3.2. PV Module 3.3. PV Array 3.4. Working of PV Cell 3.4.1 Implementation Benefits and Drawbacks 4. Maximum Power Point Tracking 4.1. The Necessity of MPPT 4.2. Algorithms for Tracking of Maximum Power Point 5. Wind Power Productions 5.1. Wind Energy Conversion System 5.2. Types of Wind Power Generator 5.2.1 Constant Speed 5.2.2 Variable Speed 5.2.3 Variable Speed with Partial-Scale Frequency Converter 5.2.4 Implementation Benefits and Drawbacks 6. Energy Storage System 6.1. Batteries 6.1.1 Implementation Benefits and Drawbacks 6.2. Microturbine 6.2.1 Implementation Benefits and Drawbacks 6.3. Flywheel 6.3.1 Implementation Benefits and Drawbacks 6.4. Fuel cell 6.4.1 Implementation Benefits and Drawbacks 6.5. Converters 6.6. Electric Vehicle 6.6.1 Implementation Benefits and Drawbacks 6.7. ESS Control Strategies 7. Simulation Results 7.1. Simulations of PV Array 7.2. Simulation of Doubly Fed Induction Generator 7.3. Simulations Results of Hybrid Grid 5. Conclusion and Future Scope Future Scope References Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapters 3, 4, and 5 Index The main aim of this book is to have a complete discussion and details about micro grid and its applications including modeling of AC/DC and hybrid grid in a tied mode with simulation for the solar systems, wind turbine, bio mass and fuel cells and deployment issues.