Microfluidic Biosensors

Microfluidic Biosensors provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent and emerging technologies in the design, fabrication and integration of microfluidics with transducers. The book discusses the design and principle of microfluidic systems and how to use them for lab-on-a-chip applications. The microfluidic fabrication technologies covered in this book provide an up-to-date view, allowing the community to think of new ways to overcome challenges faced in this field. The book's focus is on existing and emerging technologies not currently being analyzed extensively elsewhere, thus providing a unique perspective and much needed content. The editors have crafted this book to be accessible to all levels of academics, from graduate students, researchers and professors working in the fields of biosensors, microfluidics design, analytical chemistry, biomedical devices and biomedical engineering. It will also be useful for industry professionals working for microfluidic device manufacturers, or in the biosensor and biomedical devices industry. Front Cover Microfluidic Biosensors Copyright Page Contents List of contributors Foreword 1 Printed microfluidic biosensors and their biomedical applications 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 The emerging need of microfluidic biosensors 1.1.2 Printed microfluidics biosensors 1.2 Technologies in fabrication and assembly of printed microfluidics 1.2.1 2D microfluidics 1.2.2 Pseudo-3D microfluidics 1.2.3 3D printed microfluidics 1.2.4 4D microfluidics 1.3 Integration of printed microfluidics into functional biosensors 1.3.1 Conjugation of molecular recognition elements 1.3.2 Integration of actuators 1.3.3 Integration with optical and electrochemical signal acquisition units 1.4 Biomedical applications with printed microfluidic biosensors 1.4.1 Disease screening 1.4.2 Food safety 1.5 Conclusions and outlooks References 2 Design and fabrication technologies for microfluidic sensors 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Design and modeling of microfluidic platforms for sensing 2.2.1 Micromixers 2.2.2 Droplet generator 2.3 Fabrication methods 2.3.1 Soft lithography 2.3.2 3D printing fabrication method 2.3.3 Laminate fabrication method 2.3.4 Computer numerical control micromilling 2.4 Characterization and measurement techniques for microfluidic platforms 2.4.1 Leakage assessments 2.4.2 Mixing assessment 2.4.3 Characterization of mixed fluids 2.4.4 Droplet characterization 2.4.4.1 Contact angle measurement technique 2.4.4.2 Optical imaging of droplets 2.4.4.3 Electrical techniques for microfluidic droplet detection 2.5 Point-of-care microfluidic sensors using hybrid fabrication techniques 2.5.1 PDMS–paper hybrid microfluidic device for detection of whooping cough 2.5.2 Point-of-care detection of protein biomarkers using enhanced centrifugation-assisted lateral flow immunoassay 2.5.3 Point-of-care pathogen diagnostics using an integrated rotary microfluidic system 2.5.4 Automated microfluidics for rapid CRISPR-based COVID-19 detection 2.5.5 Array of microfluidic button valves for high throughput COVID-19 serology assays 2.5.6 Optofluidic sensor for coagulation risk monitoring of COVID-19 patients 2.6 Conclusions and outlooks 2.7 Future outlook References 3 Lab-in-a-fiber biosensors 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Basics of lab-in-a-fiber devices 3.2.1 Fiber structures and guiding mechanisms 3.2.2 Light–analyte interaction forms 3.2.3 Device fabrications 3.2.3.1 Fiber drawing technique 3.3 Lab-in-a-fiber sensors for bioapplications 3.3.1 In-fiber absorption sensors 3.3.2 In-fiber fluorescent sensors 3.3.3 In-fiber SERS sensors 3.3.4 In-fiber interferometric biosensors 3.4 Conclusions and outlooks Funding information References 4 Flexible and mountable microfluidics for wearable biosensors 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Flexible materials for microfluidics 4.2.1 From rigid to flexible materials for high body compliance 4.2.2 Functions of flexible materials in microfluidics 4.2.3 Fabrication of flexible microfluidics on compliant substrates 4.3 Epidermal microfluidic patches 4.3.1 Considerations when developing epidermal patches 4.3.2 Epidermal microfluidics for detecting electrolytes and nutrients 4.3.3 Biochemical wearable microfluidic biosensors 4.4 Flexible microfluidic contact lenses 4.4.1 Basics of soft contact lenses 4.4.2 Microfluidics in contact lenses for pressure monitoring 4.4.3 Laser ablation microfluidics in contact lenses 4.4.4 Multiplexed sensing with microfluidic contact lenses 4.5 Flexible microfluidic-based smart bandages 4.5.1 Chronic wound 4.5.2 Smart bandages for chronic wound monitoring 4.5.3 Microfludic delivery systems for chronic wound management and treatment 4.6 Flexible microfluidic-based wearable mechanical sensors 4.6.1 Mechanical sensing mechanism via flexible microfluidics 4.6.2 Flexible microfluidic-based strain sensors 4.6.3 Flexible microfluidic-based pressure sensors 4.7 Summary and perspectives References 5 Advanced techniques for manufacturing paper-based microfluidic analytical devices 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methods for patterning paper 5.2.1 Screen printing 5.2.2 Plasma treatment 5.2.3 Wax printing 5.2.4 Photolithography 5.2.5 Inkjet printing 5.3 Application of microfluidics in diagnostics 5.3.1 Colorimetric-based application 5.3.2 Electrochemical-based application 5.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 6 Digital microfluidic biosensors 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basics of digital microfluidic devices 6.2.1 Theory 6.2.2 Device configuration and fabrication 6.3 Integrated digital microfluidic devices with sensing technologies 6.3.1 Integration of sensing techniques into digital microfluidic systems 6.3.1.1 Optical sensing in digital microfluidic systems 6.3.1.2 Electrochemical sensing in digital microfluidic systems 6.3.2 Applications of digital microfluidic biosensors 6.3.2.1 Cell-based applications 6.3.2.2 DNA-based applications 6.3.2.3 Protein-based applications 6.4 Conclusions and outlooks References 7 Emerging functional materials for microfluidic biosensors 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Microfluidic biosensors 7.1.2 From conventional toward emerging functional materials 7.2 Materials, properties, and functions for microfluidic biosensors 7.2.1 Material for design and development of microfluidics 7.2.2 Inorganic materials (silicon, glass, and ceramic) 7.2.3 Polymeric Material 7.2.4 Emerging polymer and polymer composite for 3D-printed microfluidics 7.2.5 Advanced polymer composites for 3D-printed microfluidics 7.2.6 Paper-based microfluidics 7.3 Emerging materials for improved signal transduction in microfluidic biosensor 7.3.1 Graphene-based 2D nanomaterials 7.3.2 2D transition metal nanomaterials 7.3.2.1 Transition metal oxides 7.3.2.2 Transition metal chalcogenides 7.3.3 MXenes 7.3.4 Black phosphorus 7.4 Conclusions and outlooks References 8 Smartphone and microfluidic systems in medical and food analysis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Scientometric analysis 8.3 Smartphone-based sensing technologies in the medical field 8.3.1 Smartphone-based tissue image analysis for early stage skin cancer detection 8.3.2 Improving smartphone-based infectious disease detection in remote locations 8.3.3 Smartphone-based noninvasive diagnostics 8.4 Smartphone-based sensing technologies in the food analysis field 8.4.1 Optical detection 8.4.1.1 Lateral flow assays 8.4.1.2 Paper-based assays 8.4.1.3 Microfluidic chips and LOC technology 8.4.2 Electrochemical detection 8.5 Validation requirements and benchmarking 8.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 9 CMOS-based microanalysis systems 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fabrication techniques for microfluidic biosensors 9.2.1 Photolithography 9.2.2 Electron beam lithograpy 9.2.3 Wax (2-D) printing 9.2.4 3D printing 9.2.5 Soft lithography 9.2.6 Nanoimprint lithography 9.3 Detection methods for different analytes 9.3.1 Ions and electrolytes 9.3.1.1 Fluorescence-based detection of ions and electrolytes 9.3.1.2 Absorbance-based detection of ions and electrolytes 9.3.1.3 Colorimetric detection of ions and electrolytes 9.3.1.4 SERS and chemiluminescence-based detection of ions and electrolytes 9.3.1.5 Electrochemical detection of ions and electrolytes 9.3.2 Metabolites (glucose, lactate, etc.) 9.3.3 Proteins 9.4 Biosensor CMOS instrumentation 9.4.1 Amperometric sensor instrumentation 9.4.2 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy 9.4.3 Monolithic integration of biosensors 9.5 Application areas 9.5.1 POC diagnostics 9.5.2 Food safety 9.5.3 Healthcare monitoring 9.5.4 Trends on POC: beyond wearable and implantable devices References 10 Microfluidic-based plasmonic biosensors 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Basics of microfluidics and biosensor technology 10.1.2 Biosensors and classification 10.1.3 Optical biosensor 10.2 Plasmonic biosensors 10.2.1 Principle of surface plasmons 10.2.2 Conventional surface plasmon resonance biosensors 10.2.3 LSPR biosensors 10.3 Patterned metallic structure array for enhanced plasmonic biosensors 10.3.1 Anisotropy nanostructure arrays 10.3.2 Nanohole/cavity arrays 10.4 The applications of microfluidic-based plasmonic biosensors 10.4.1 Integrated surface plasmon resonance and LSPR sensing systems 10.4.2 Surface plasmon resonance imaging 10.4.3 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering 10.4.4 Plasmonic sensor integrated with other sensors for multiplex biosensing 10.5 Conclusion and outlook References 11 Fiber-optic devices for sensing, manipulating, and imaging cells in vitro and in vivo 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Basic principles 11.2.1 Plasmonic sensing 11.2.2 Interferometric sensing 11.2.3 Optical cell trapping 11.3 Bulk-cell analysis 11.3.1 Detecting cell 11.3.2 Detecting cell metabolites 11.3.3 Monitoring cell behavior 11.4 Single-cell analysis 11.4.1 Manipulating cells and organelles 11.4.2 Probing intracellular process 11.5 Intravital-cell analysis 11.5.1 In vivo flow cytometry 11.5.2 Endomicroscopy 11.6 Conclusion Reference Index Back Cover Microfluidic Biosensors provides a comprehensive overview covering the most recent emerging technologies on the design, fabrication, and integration of microfluidics with transducers. These form various integrated microfluidic biosensors with device configurations ranging from 2D to 4D levels. Coverage also includes advanced printed microfluidic biosensors, flexible microfluidics for wearable biosensors, autonomous lab-on-a-chip biosensors, CMOS-base microanalysis systems, and microfluidic devices for mobile phone biosensing. The editors and contributors of this book represent both academia and industry, come from a varied range of backgrounds, and offer a global perspective. This book discusses the design and principle of microfluidic systems and uses them for biosensing applications. The microfluidic fabrication technologies covered in this book provide an up-to-date view, allowing the community to think of new ways to overcome challenges faced in this field. The focus is on existing and emerging technologies not currently being analyzed extensively elsewhere, providing a unique perspective and much-needed content. The editors have crafted this book to be accessible to all levels of academics from graduate students, researchers, and professors working in the fields of biosensors, microfluidics design, material science, analytical chemistry, biomedical devices, and biomedical engineering. It can also be useful for industry professionals working for microfluidic device manufacturers, or in the industry of biosensors and biomedical devices. Presents an in-depth overview of microfluidic biosensors and associated emerging technologies such as printed microfluidics and novel transducers Addresses a range of microfluidic biosensors with device configurations ranging from 2D to 4D levels Includes the commercialization aspects of microfluidic biosensors that provide insights for scientists and engineers in research and development