Microbial Enzymes and Metabolites for Health and Well-Being; 1

This up-to-date reference book discusses the synthesis, production, and application of various microbial enzymes and metabolites for health. Microorganisms like bacteria (lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus species), yeasts, and filamentous fungi have been globally exploited for their biotechnological applications. This book discusses ways to use them commercially. Chapters include the production of fibrinolytic enzymes, microbial lipases, bacteriocin production by lactic acid bacteria, and bioactives produced. It also covers microbial synthesis of alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids. The book is useful for researchers, academicians, and industry experts in microbiology and biotechnology. Microbial Enzymes and Metabolites for Health and Well-Being Cover -1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Contents 6 Preface 8 Editors 10 Contributors 12 Section I: Microbial Enzymes in Healthcare 16 1. Microbial Enzymes and Metabolites in Health Care: An Overview 18 1.1 Introduction 19 1.2 Microbial Enzymes 19 1.2.1 Microbial Enzymes in Disease Diagnosis 20 1.2.2 Determination of Serum Triglycerides 20 1.3 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 21 1.4 Drug Assay Systems 21 1.5 Antibody-Antigen Reaction 22 1.6 Microbial Enzymes in Treatment of Diseases 22 1.6.1 As Anti-Inflammatory Agents 22 1.6.2 As Wound Healers 24 1.6.3 As Antibacterials 24 1.6.4 As Antithrombolytic Agents 25 1.6.5 As Digestive Aids 25 1.6.6 As Anticancer Chemotherapeutics 25 1.7 Microbial Enzymes in Drug Manufacturing 26 1.7.1 In Synthesis of Antimicrobials 26 1.7.2 In Dynamic Kinetic Resolution (DKR) of Drugs 27 1.7.3 In Synthesis of L-Tert-Leucines 27 1.7.4 In Synthesis of Statin Intermediates 27 1.8 Other Applications 27 1.9 Microbial Metabolites 28 1.9.1 As Antibiotics 28 1.9.2 As Antitumor Agents 30 1.9.3 As Immunosuppressant Drugs 31 1.9.4 As Enzyme Inhibitors 31 1.10 Conclusion 32 References 32 2. Microbial Production of Fibrinolytic Enzymes 40 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Microbial Sources of Fibrinolytic Enzymes 42 2.3 Recombinant Fibrinolytic Enzymes 43 2.3.1 General Genetic Engineering Approach to Produce Fibrinolytic Enzyme by Microorganisms 44 2.3.2 Recombinant Fibrinolytic Enzymes Produced by Microorganisms 45 2.4 Optimization of Culture Conditions for Producing Recombinant Fibrinolytic Enzyme 46 2.5 Recovery of Microbial Fibrinolytic Enzymes 47 2.6 Conclusions 49 References 49 3. Microbial Enzymes for Synthesis of Chiral Drug Intermediates 56 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Key Microbial Enzymes for Chiral Drug Intermediates 57 3.2.1 Lipases 58 3.2.2 Aldolases 59 3.2.3 Lyases and Hydrolases 60 3.2.4 Oxidoreductases 61 3.2.5 Transaminases 62 3.3 Engineered Enzymes 62 3.4 Conclusions 63 References 63 4. Microbial Enzymes in Biomedical Applications 68 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 Applications of Microbial Enzymes in Biomedical Sectors 70 4.2.1 Analytical/Diagnostic Enzymes 70 4.2.2 Biosensors 70 4.2.3 Therapeutics Enzymes 74 4.2.3.1 Asparginase 76 4.2.3.2 Chitinase 76 4.2.3.3 Collagenase 77 4.2.3.4 Lipase 77 4.2.3.5 Nattokinase 77 4.2.3.6 Serratiopeptidase 77 4.2.4 Thrombolytic Drugs 77 4.2.4.1 Streptokinase 78 4.2.4.2 Staphylokinase 78 4.2.4.3 Superoxide Dismutase 78 4.3 Nutraceutical Enzymes 78 4.4 Microbial Enzymes in Pharmaceutical Industry Applications 79 4.5 Problems and Safety Concerns 80 4.6 Future Prospects of Microbial Enzymes in Biomedicine 80 4.7 Conclusions 81 References 81 5. Microbial Lipases: Production and Application 90 5.1 Introduction 91 5.1.1 Historical Overview 91 5.2 Chemical Characterization of Lipases 92 5.3 Sources and Classification of Lipase 93 5.4 Microbial Lipases 94 5.4.1 Bacterial Lipases 96 5.4.2 Fungal Lipases 96 5.4.3 Yeast Lipases 97 5.5 Production and Purification of Lipases 97 5.5.1 Screening for Lipolytic Activity 98 5.6 Applications 98 5.6.1 Application in Food and Nutraceutical Industry 98 5.6.1.1 Food Products 98 5.6.1.2 Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals 98 5.6.2 Application of Lipase in Textile Industry 99 5.6.3 Cosmetics 100 5.6.4 Biodiesel Production 100 5.7 Conclusion 101 References 101 6. Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds Produced Using Microbial Enzymes 106 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Microbial Enzymes for Production of Bioactive Compounds 107 6.3 Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds 108 6.3.1 Antioxidant Compounds 108 6.3.2 Antihypertensive Compounds 109 6.3.3 Antidiabetic Compounds 112 6.3.4 Antimicrobial Properties 112 6.3.5 Anticancer Compounds 113 6.3.6 Production of Prebiotic Molecules 114 6.3.7 Immunomodulatory Properties 114 6.3.8 Reduction of Antinutritional Factors 116 6.4 Conclusions 116 References 116 Section II: Microbial Metabolites in Healthcare 124 7. Bacteriocin Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria 126 7.1 Introduction 126 7.2 Classification of Bacteriocins 126 7.3 Modes of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance 128 7.4 Microbial Production of Bacteriocins 129 7.5 Recombinant Microorganisms for Bacteriocins Production 131 7.6 Applications of Bacteriocins in Healthcare 132 7.6.1 Treatment of Urogenital Diseases and Spermicidal Activity 132 7.6.2 Antitumoral Activity 133 7.6.3 Mitigation of Gastrointestinal Disburbs 133 7.6.4 Anti-Inflammatory and Immuno-Modulatory Effect 134 7.6.5 Treatment of Skin Inflammatory Diseases 134 7.7 Controlled Delivery of Bacteriocins 135 7.8 Market and Available Commercial Products 135 7.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 136 References 137 8. Production and Application of Antimicrobial Compounds from Endophytes 140 8.1 Introduction 141 8.2 Antimicrobial Compounds Isolated from Endophytes 141 8.2.1 Aliphatic Compounds 141 8.2.2 Peptides 142 8.2.3 Phenols and Phenolic Acids 142 8.2.4 Alkaloids 142 8.2.5 Steroids 142 8.2.6 Terpenoids 151 8.2.7 Quinones 151 8.2.8 Benzophenones 151 8.2.9 Lactones 151 8.2.10 Others 152 8.3 Applications 152 8.3.1 Fight against Plant Pathogens 152 8.3.2 Fight against Human Pathogens 153 8.4 Conclusions 154 Acknowledgements 155 References 155 9. Microbial Synthesis and Application of Terpenoids and Steroids 160 9.1 Introduction 160 9.2 Terpenoids 161 9.2.1 Microbial Production of Terpenoids 162 9.2.1.1 Production Using Bacteria 162 9.2.1.2 Production Using Fungi 162 9.2.1.3 Production Using Photosynthetic Microorganisms 163 9.2.2 Biosynthesis of Terpenoids 163 9.2.2.1 The MET Pathway 164 9.2.2.2 The MVA Pathway 165 9.3 Microbial Production of Steroids 165 9.3.1 Steroids Produced by Microorganisms 166 9.3.2 Prednisone and Prednisolone 166 9.3.3 Dexamethasone 167 9.3.4 Betamethasone 167 9.3.5 Hydrocortisone 167 9.3.6 Methylprednisolone 167 9.4 Synthesis and Pathways of Microorganisms 167 9.5 Healthcare Applications 168 9.5.1 Health Applications of Terpenoids 168 9.5.1.1 Anti-Cancer Activity 168 9.5.1.2 Antimicrobial, Antifungal and Antiviral Activities 169 9.5.1.3 Antioxidant Activity 169 9.5.1.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity 169 9.6 Health Applications of Steroids 170 9.6.1 Anti-Inflammatory Applications 170 9.6.2 Application as an Alternative Anesthetic 171 9.6.3 Application as a Contraceptive 171 9.6.4 Other Applications of Steroids 171 9.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 172 References 172 10. Microbial Synthesis of Polypeptides and Applications in Healthcare 176 10.1 Introduction 177 10.2 Proteolysis by Microbial Fermentation 177 10.2.1 Microorganism Selection Criteria 177 10.2.2 Mechanism of Proteolysis 178 10.3 Bioactive Polypeptides Derived from Microbes and Human Health 178 10.3.1 Antioxidant Peptides 179 10.3.2 Antihypertensive Peptides 181 10.3.3 Antimicrobial Peptides 181 10.3.4 Antidiabetic Peptides 182 10.3.5 Immunomodulatory Peptides 182 10.3.6 Anticancer Peptides 182 10.3.7 Multifunctional Peptides 182 10.4 Applications of Bioactive Peptides Derived from Microbes 183 10.5 Challenges in the Development of Microbial-Derived Polypeptides 183 10.6 Conclusion 184 References 184 11. Microbial Synthesis of Alkaloids and Applications in Healthcare 188 11.1 Introduction 189 11.2 Types of Alkaloids 189 11.3 Engineering Strategies for the Heterologous Synthesis of Alkaloids in Microbes 190 11.4 Applications of Alkaloids in Healthcare 195 11.5 Conclusions 197 References 197 Index 202 Lactic,Acid,Bacteria;,Bacteriocin;,Bioactives;,Microbial,Bioprospecting;,Microbial,Proteases;,Bacterial,Enzymes; Lactic Acid Bacteria,Bacteriocin,Bioactives,Microbial Bioprospecting,Microbial Proteases,Bacterial Enzymes This up-to-date reference book discusses the synthesis, production, and application of various microbial enzymes and metabolites for health. Microorganisms like bacteria (lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus species), yeasts, and filamentous fungi have been globally exploited for their biotechnological applications. This book discusses ways to use them commercially. Chapters include the production of fibrinolytic enzymes, microbial lipases, bacteriocin production by lactic acid bacteria, and bioactives produced. It also covers microbial synthesis of alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids. This book is useful for researchers, academicians, and industry experts in microbiology and biotechnology. This up-to-date reference book discusses the synthesis, production, and application of various microbial enzymes and metabolites for health. Chapters include the production of fibrinolytic enzymes, microbial lipases, and bacteriocin production by lactic acid bacteria. It also covers microbial synthesis of alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids.