تنوع و بوم‌شناسی میکروبی در نقاط داغ

Microbial Diversity in Hotspots provides an introduction to microbial diversity and microbes in different hotspots and threatened areas. The book gives insights on extremophiles, phyllosphere and rhizosphere, covers fungal diversity, conservation and microbial association, focuses on biodiversity acts and policies, and includes cases studies. Microbes explored are from the coldest to the hottest areas of the world. Although hotspots are zones with extremely high microbiology activities, the knowledge of microbial diversity from these areas is very limited, hence this is a welcome addition to existing resources. Provides an introduction to microbial biotechnology Addresses novel approaches to the study of microbial diversity in hotspots Provides the basics, along with advanced information on microbial diversity Discusses the techniques used to examine microbial diversity with their applications and respective pros and cons for sustainability Explores the importance of microbial genomes studies in commercial applications Front Cover Microbial Diversity AND ECOLOGY in Hotspots Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgments 1 Exploration of microbial ecology and diversity in hotspots 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meaning of biodiversity, threats associated and need for its protection 1.3 Biodiversity hotspots: a brief overview 1.4 Tools for systematically studying the biodiversity hotspots through various aspects 1.4.1 Mathematical and statistical tools for data analysis 1.4.2 Molecular tools 1.4.3 Technological tool and specialized equipment 1.5 Biodiversity hotspots and microbial ecology 1.6 Microbial hotspots: an overview 1.7 Microbial ecology: microbial habitats and the distribution of microbes 1.8 Microbial diversity indices: application in studying community ecology 1.9 Microbial composition and succession 1.10 Microbial interactions 1.11 Hotspots bioindicators/indicating unique environment of hotspots 1.12 Conclusion and way forward References 2 Habitat-specific microbial community associated with the biodiversity hotspot 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Biodiversity hotspot in the Indian continent 2.3 Factors affecting biodiversity hotspots in India 2.4 The Himalayas 2.5 The Indo-Burma region 2.6 The Sundaland 2.7 The Western Ghats 2.8 Approach to safeguard biodiversity hotspots in India 2.9 Habitat-specific microbes of hotspot region 2.10 Factors responsible for the diversity of habitat-specific microbial community in the Western Ghats 2.11 Habitat-specific microbes 2.12 The utility of microbial diversity 2.13 Importance of habitat-specific microorganisms in agriculture 2.14 Techniques used for assessing microbial diversity 2.14.1 Habitat biogeography and habitats in different hotspots 2.15 Conclusion 2.16 Future prospects References 3 Microbial diversity and ecology of saline environments from India 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Microbial diversity of saline lakes of India 3.2.1 Lonar Lake, Maharashtra 3.2.2 Chilika Lake, Odisha 3.2.3 Pulicat Lake 3.2.4 Pangong Tso Lake, Ladakh 3.2.5 Lunsu and Gumma, Himachal Pradesh 3.2.6 Sambhar Lake, Rajasthan 3.2.7 Pachpadra Salt Lake, Rajasthan 3.3 Microbial diversity of Indian deserts 3.3.1 Thar Desert 3.3.2 Rann of Kutch 3.3.3 Cold deserts of Leh Ladakh 3.4 Microbial diversity of Indian solar salterns and halite deposits 3.5 Conclusion and future outlook Acknowledgment References 4 Marine microbial hotspots—especially related to corals 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Symbiosis within the coral holobionts 4.3 Microhabitats of the coral microbiome 4.3.1 Surface mucopolysaccharide layer and epidermal surface 4.3.2 Coral tissues 4.3.3 Gastrovascular cavity 4.3.4 Coral skeleton 4.4 Profiling of coral-associated microbial diversity 4.4.1 Bacteria 4.4.2 Archaea 4.4.3 Dinoflagellates 4.4.4 Fungi 4.4.5 Viruses 4.5 Importance of coral microbiome for marine ecosystem 4.5.1 Contribution to primary productivity 4.5.2 Functional role of coral-associated microbiome 4.5.3 Maintenance of the coral health and resilience 4.6 Conclusion and future perspectives References 5 Phyllosphere microbiomes: implications and ecofunctional diversity 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Leaf surface and microbial growth 5.3 Phyllosphere microbiome: nature and composition 5.4 Bacterial diversity in the phyllosphere 5.5 Fungal microbiota of phyllosphere 5.6 Actinomycetes diversity in phyllosphere 5.7 Microbial interaction and phyllosphere 5.7.1 Metabolic dynamics of phyllosphere microbiota 5.8 Omics approaches and future prospective References 6 Fungal association in hotspot of rhizosphere 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fungal association in rhizosphere 6.2.1 Plant root and rhizodeposition 6.2.2 Fungi in rhizosphere 6.2.2.1 Mycorrhizal fungi 6.2.2.2 Mycorrhiza like fungi—Piriformospora indica 6.2.2.3 Root-associated fungi—Trichoderma spp 6.2.2.4 Pathogenic fungi in rhizosphere 6.2.3 The soil and surrounding environment 6.2.3.1 Soil and its characteristics 6.2.3.2 Influence of temperature 6.2.3.3 Oxygen 6.2.3.4 Water availability 6.2.3.5 Influence of pH 6.2.3.6 Light intensity 6.2.3.7 Nutrient availability 6.2.3.8 Application of organic fertilizers 6.3 Outcomes of fungal rhizosphere association 6.3.1 Positive outcomes 6.3.1.1 Biological control 6.3.1.2 Soil nutrient cycling and natural fertilizer 6.3.1.3 Fungi as decomposer 6.3.1.4 Phosphate solubilization and intake 6.3.1.5 Induced systemic resistance 6.3.1.6 Abiotic stress 6.3.2 Negative outcome 6.4 Application of fungal rhizosphere association 6.5 Conclusion References 7 Diversity of actinomycetes in Western Ghats 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Western Ghats, the hotspot of biodiversity 7.2 Actinomycetes 7.3 Habitat of actinomycetes 7.3.1 Importance of diversity of actinomycetes in the Western Ghats 7.3.2 Actinomycetes diversity in morphology and pigment production isolated from the Western Ghats 7.3.3 Diverse group of actinomycetes 7.3.3.1 Nocardioform actinomycetes 7.3.3.2 Streptomycetes 7.3.3.3 Actinoplanetes 7.3.3.4 Maduromycetes 7.3.3.5 Streptosporangium and related taxa 7.3.3.6 Actinomadura 7.3.3.7 Thermomonospora and related genera 7.3.3.8 Thermoactinomycetes 7.4 Growth of actinomycetes on different media 7.5 Diversity in enzyme production by actinomycetes isolated from the Western Ghats 7.6 Antimicrobial diversity of actinomycetes isolated from the Western Ghats 7.7 Biotechnological applications of actinomycetes from the Western Ghats 7.7.1 Enzymes from actinomycetes 7.7.2 Antioxidants 7.7.3 Pigments 7.7.4 Actinomycetes for the plant growth 7.8 Conclusion 7.9 Future prospects References 8 Microbial diversity at the polluted sites 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Uranium 8.3 Thorium IV 8.4 Neptunium-237 8.5 Plutonium 8.6 Mechanisms involved in bioremediation 8.7 Biosorption 8.8 Bioaccumulation 8.9 Biotransformation 8.10 Biosolubilization 8.11 Bioprecipitation 8.12 Chelation 8.13 Complexation 8.14 Conclusion References 9 Microbial diversity in termite gut ecosystem and their role in lignocellulosic degradation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Termite gut 9.2.1 Composition of termite guts’ microbiome 9.2.2 Symbiotic flagellates in lower termites 9.2.3 Yeast and fungi in termites 9.2.4 Bacteria in the termite gut 9.3 Lignocellulose and their degradation in termites 9.3.1 Lignocellulosic degradation mechanism in lower termites 9.3.2 Lignocellulosic degradation in higher termites 9.4 Metagenomic approaches in termites for detecting glycosyl hydrolase genes for lignocellulosic degradation 9.4.1 Glycoside hydrolases for lignocellulosic degradation 9.4.2 Why consider termite gut ecosystem as hotspots for lignocellulosic degradation? 9.5 Future perspectives of termites/their gut microbes in lignocellulosic degradation 9.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 10 Bacterial diversity from Garampani warm spring, Assam 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methods 10.2.1 Sampling site description 10.2.2 Sample collection and isolation of bacteria 10.2.3 Culture-dependent study 10.2.3.1 Phenotypic characterization of isolates 10.2.3.2 Molecular characterization of isolates 10.2.4 Culture-independent study 10.2.4.1 Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis 10.3 Results 10.3.1 Diversity of culturable isolates 10.3.2 Cross growth pattern analysis 10.3.3 Culture-independent study 10.4 Discussion 10.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 11 Diversity and biotechnological importance of cellulolytic microorganisms from biodiversity hotspots 11.1 Lignocellulose: composition and availability 11.1.1 Cellulose 11.1.2 Hemicellulose 11.1.3 Lignin 11.2 Lignocellulolytic enzyme system 11.2.1 Cellulase 11.2.2 Hemicellulase 11.2.3 Accessory lignocellulolytic enzymes 11.2.3.1 Laccases 11.3 Applications of ligninolytic enzymes 11.4 Applications of cellulolytic and xylanase enzymes 11.5 Diversity of culturable cellulolytic microbes 11.5.1 Cellulolytic microbes and their habitats 11.5.1.1 Aerobic microbes (bacteria, fungi, others) 11.5.1.2 Anaerobic bacteria, fungi, and others 11.5.1.3 Hotspots of cellulolytic microbial diversity 11.6 Metagenomic diversity of cellulolytic microbes 11.7 Metaproteomic analysis of cellulolytic microbes 11.8 Metatranscriptomic analysis of cellulolytic microbes 11.9 Conclusion References 12 Biodiversity of cold-adapted extremophiles from Antarctica and their biotechnological potential 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Biodiversity of extremophiles from Antarctica 12.2.1 Bacteria 12.2.2 Viruses 12.2.3 Fungi 12.2.4 Cyanobacteria 12.2.5 Archaea 12.3 Potential hotspots in Antarctica 12.4 Cold adaption mechanisms in psychrophiles 12.5 Biotechnological applications of psychrophiles from Antarctica 12.5.1 Enzymes (psychrozymes) 12.5.1.1 Pectinases 12.5.1.2 β-Galactosidase or lactase 12.5.1.3 Proteases 12.5.1.4 Cellulases 12.5.1.5 Xylanases 12.5.1.6 Amylases 12.5.1.7 Lipases 12.5.2 Biomolecules 12.5.2.1 Antifreeze proteins 12.5.2.2 Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids 12.6 Bioremediation 12.7 Pharmaceutical and medical applications 12.7.1 Antimicrobials 12.7.2 Antioxidants, antitumorals, and other potential compounds 12.8 Conclusions Acknowledgments Conflict of interest References 13 Isolation methods for evaluation of extremophilic microbial diversity from Antarctica region 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Diversity of extremophilic organisms in Antarctic hotspot 13.3 Isolation and identification methodology 13.3.1 Isolation methodology for culturable extremophiles 13.3.1.1 Culturable extremophiles 13.3.1.2 Serial dilution spread/pour plate method 13.3.2 Isolation methodology for unculturable extremophiles 13.3.2.1 Metagenome 13.3.2.2 Isolation of community DNA 13.3.2.3 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and 26S rRNA 13.3.2.4 Identification and phylogenetic analysis 13.3.2.5 Metagenomics library 13.3.2.6 Activity-based sequencing 13.3.2.7 Clone showing activity 13.3.2.8 Overexpression and functional studies 13.4 Future prospects 13.5 Concluding remarks Acknowledgment Conflict of interest References 14 Recent advances in microbial databases with special reference to kinetoplastids 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Classification of biological databases 14.3 Global resources/comprehensive databases 14.4 Community/specialized databases 14.4.1 Microbial Genome Database for Comparative Analysis 14.4.2 Fusion Database 14.4.3 Marine Metagenomics Portal 14.4.4 North-East India Microbial database 14.4.5 Biomes of Australian Soil Environments 14.4.6 LeishCyc and TrypanoCyc databases 14.4.7 VEuPath Database 14.4.8 TritrypDB 14.4.9 Leishmania Exclusive Protein database 14.4.10 Leishmania Database 14.4.11 Trypanosoma database 14.5 Future perspectives 14.6 Conclusions References 15 Advances in sequencing technology, databases, and analyses tools for the assessment of microbial diversity 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Advances in sequencing technology 15.3 Development of databases 15.4 Advancements in analyses tools 15.5 How to study microbial diversity? 15.5.1 Suggested data analysis pipeline(s) 15.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 16 Legal protection of microbial biodiversity 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Biodiversity Hotspots: Introduction 16.3 Protection of microbial diversity in hotspot regions 16.4 Existing framework for the research and exploration of microbiome 16.5 Patents and microorganisms 16.6 Microbial access and research: pipeline 16.6.1 Decision to access the sample 16.6.2 Determination of status of the sample 16.6.3 Fixing of the terms by MTA and the decision for commercial exploitation or noncommercial usage 16.6.4 Monitoring and utilization 16.6.5 Fair and equitable benefit-sharing References Index Back Cover "Biodiversity is seen everywhere including microorganisms, human [sic], plants and animals. Microbes are explored from the coldest to the hottest areas in the world. The hotspots are zones with extremely high microbial activities. The knowledge of microbial diversity from these hotspots is very limited. Characterizing microbial communities in these areas may add into the heritage of the hotspots. It is therefore necessary to conserve this biodiversity for the balance in the environment. The book Microbial Diversity and Ecology in Hotspots covers the following important aspects viz., Microbial ecology and diversity in hotspots; Extremophiles in biodiversity hotspots; Conservation of biodiversity and microbial association; Marine microbial hotspots-- especially related to corals; Phyllosphere and rhizosphere in the hotspots; Diversity of actinomycetes in Western Ghats; Molecular analyses of microbial diversity in different ecology; Legal protection of microbial biodiversity, etc."--Page 4 of cover