Microbes for Sustainable lnsect Pest Management: Hydrolytic Enzyme & Secondary Metabolite – Volume 2 (Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection Book 17)

The search for new strategies of pest control with safer molecules is currently of great importance and interest. Microbe-mediated biological crop protection is an attractive and promising technology with no concern for a negative impact on the environment and biodiversity. Microbial hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, chitinases, lipases, etc. are attractive for this purpose. They present toxic properties and act synergistically to control pest attacks. Also, some metabolites, that microorganisms produce for their survival or defense, can be explored and exploited for plant protection. The focus of this Volume is on the potential of microbial hydrolytic enzymes and their metabolites in agroecosystem functioning. Subsequent chapters review topics such as microbial hydrolytic enzymes as powerful management tools, chitinases in IPM of agro-horticultural crops, metabolites as pesticides and the importance of the metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi, metabolites and virulence factors. Other topicas include: microbial-based nanoparticles, recombinant DNA technologies to improve the efficacy of microbial insecticides, the effects of entomopathogens on insect predators and parasitoids, and the management of major vegetable insect pests. This Volume provides detailed accounts on the safe use of microbial products for sustainable management of insect pests. Its aim is to build solid foundations for the students, teachers, and researchers interested in eco-friendly management of important insect crop pests. Foreword Preface Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: Microbial Hydrolytic Enzymes: Powerful Weapons Against Insect Pests 1.1 Introduction 1.2 General View of Hydrolytic Enzymes: Definition and Substrates 1.2.1 Lipases 1.2.2 Proteases 1.2.3 Chitinases 1.2.4 Glucanases 1.3 Insect Control 1.3.1 Lipases 1.3.1.1 Fungal Lipases 1.3.1.2 Bacterial Lipases 1.3.2 Proteases 1.3.2.1 Fungal Proteases 1.3.2.2 Bacterial Proteases 1.3.3 Chitinases 1.3.3.1 Fungal Chitinases 1.3.3.2 Bacterial Chitinases 1.3.3.3 Viral Chitinases 1.4 Fungal Control 1.4.1 Glucanases 1.4.1.1 Fungal Glucanases 1.4.1.2 Bacterial Glucanases 1.4.2 Chitinase 1.4.2.1 Fungal Chitinase 1.4.2.2 Bacterial Chitinase 1.5 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Role of Bacterial and Fungal Chitinases in Integrated Management of Pest and Diseases of Agro-Horticultural Crops 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Occurrence of Chitin and Chitinolytic Organisms 2.3 Chitinolytic Enzymes: Nomenclature and Classification 2.4 Family of Chitinase Enzymes 2.5 Chitin as an Important Structural Component of Insect Pests and Fungal Pathogens 2.5.1 Structural and Functional Role of Chitin in Insects 2.6 Mode of Action of Chitinolytic Bacteria in Biological Suppression 2.6.1 Mechanism of Action of Microbial Chitinolytic Enzymes in Insect Pests Biocontrol 2.6.1.1 Effect of Chitinase on the Peritrophic Membrane 2.6.2 Mechanism of Action of Chitinolytic Enzymes on Fungal Pathogens 2.7 Chitinase Deployed as Successful Biocontrol Agents 2.7.1 Chitinases in Pest Management of Insects 2.7.2 Chitinolytic Microbes and Enzymes as Biocontrol Agents of Plant Fungal Diseases 2.8 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Hydrolytic Enzymes and Integrated Pest Management 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fungal Hydrolytic Enzymes 3.2.1 Role of Chitinases 3.2.2 Role of Proteases 3.2.3 Role of Lipases 3.3 Bacterial Hydrolytic Enzymes 3.4 Viral Hydrolytic Enzymes 3.5 Future Prospects 3.6 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Microbial Metabolites as Pesticides 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Metabolites for Arthropod Control 4.3 Metabolites and Microbes for Disease Control 4.3.1 Bacteria 4.3.2 Fungi 4.3.3 Yeasts 4.4 Metabolites for Nematode Control 4.5 Metabolites for Weed Control 4.6 Strategies for Enhanced Efficacy of Beneficial Microbes and Microbial Metabolites 4.7 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Unraveling the Importance of Metabolites from Entomopathogenic Fungi in Insect Pest Management 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biology and Ecology of Entomopathogenic Fungi 5.3 Metabolite Involved by EPFs in Infection 5.3.1 Enzymes Involved in the Infection Process 5.3.2 Toxins and Other Metabolites Involved in Infection Process 5.4 Isolation of Secondary Metabolites 5.5 Mode of Action of Fungal Secondary Metabolites on Insects 5.5.1 Humoral and Biochemical Alterations 5.5.2 Cellular Immunity Alterations 5.6 Strategies to Increase Infection Efficacy of EPF Using Metabolites 5.7 Secondary Metabolites Produced by Fungal Endophytes and Their Role in Pest Management 5.8 Regulatory Mechanism and Genomic Basis Behind Metabolite Production by EPF 5.9 Commercial Application of Secondary Metabolites 5.10 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Toxic Secondary Metabolites and Virulence Factors Expression by Entomopathogenic Fungi during Insect Infection and Potential Impact as a Tool for Pest Management 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fungal Infection Processes 6.3 Virulence Factors and Secondary Metabolites: From the Insect Cuticle to the Hemolymph 6.4 Genes and Transgenic Enhancement of Virulence Factors 6.5 Virulence Factors Applications: Biological Control Strategies and Possibilities 6.5.1 Agricultural Pests 6.5.2 Vector Management 6.6 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Microbial-Based Nanoparticles as Potential Approach of Insect Pest Management 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture 7.3 Synthesis of NPs 7.4 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Microorganisms 7.5 Mechanisms of NPs Synthesis by Microorganisms 7.6 NPs as Novel Insecticides 7.6.1 Improving Pesticide Formulations and Usage as Carrier for Improved pesticide Delivery System 7.6.2 NPs as Active Pesticide Agents 7.7 Mechanisms of Action of NPs Against Insects 7.8 Current Knowledge on Insect Control Using Biosynthesized NPs 7.9 Biosafety 7.10 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Role of Recombinant DNA Technology to Improve the Efficacy of Microbial Insecticides 8.1 Introduction 8.2 A Brief History of Recombinant DNA Technology 8.3 Commonly Used Microbial Insecticides in Insect Pest Management 8.4 Genetically Engineered Microbial Insecticides and their Efficacy against Insect Pests 8.4.1 Genetically Engineered Entomopathogenic Bacteria 8.4.2 Genetically Engineered Entomopathogenic Fungi 8.4.3 Genetically Engineered Entomopathogenic Viruses 8.4.4 Genetically Engineered Entomopathogenic Microsporidia 8.4.5 Genetically Engineered Entomopathogenic Nematodes 8.5 Major Concerns Regarding Genetically Engineered Microbial Insecticides 8.6 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Effects of Entomopathogens on Insect Predators and Parasitoids 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Definition and Basic Principles of Biological Control 9.3 Natural Enemies as Reliable Tools for Biological Programs 9.3.1 Predators 9.3.2 Parasitoids 9.3.3 Pathogens 9.3.3.1 Fungi 9.3.3.2 Bacteria 9.3.3.3 Viruses 9.3.3.4 Nematoda 9.3.3.5 Protista 9.4 Integrated Biological Control and Effectiveness of Biological Control Programs 9.5 Simultaneous Applications of Entomopathogens and Insect Predators/Parasitoids in IPM 9.6 Effects of Entomopathogens on Predators/Parasitoids 9.6.1 Top-Down Effects of Entomopathogens and Biological Alternations in Predators/Parasitoids 9.6.1.1 Mortality 9.6.1.2 Duration of Different Life Stages 9.6.1.3 Fecundity 9.6.1.4 Sex Ratio 9.6.2 Entomopathogen Effects on Behavioral Characters of Predators/Parasitoids 9.6.2.1 Pathogen Detection Strategy and Avoidance by Insect Predators/Parasitoids 9.6.2.2 Possible Effects of Entomopathogens on Foraging Behaviors of Predators/Parasitoids 9.6.2.3 Intra-Guild Predation Between Entomopathogens and Predators/Parasitoids 9.6.3 Other Effects 9.6.3.1 Entomopathogen Effects on Immune System of Phytophagous Pests and Its Impact on Predators/Parasitoids 9.6.3.2 Effects of Entomopathogens on Physiological Systems of Predators/Parasitoids 9.6.3.3 Catastrophic Synchronization Caused by Entomopathogens and Impact on Predators/Parasitoids 9.7 Application Management of Entomopathogens Increase Their Compatibility with Predators/Parasitoids 9.7.1 Importance of Monitoring Population Fluctuations of Phytophagous Pests 9.7.2 Genetically Modified Plants and Their Effects on Predators/Parasitoids 9.7.3 Microbial Biopesticides 9.8 Changes in Environmental Conditions Alter Entomopathogen Effects on Predators/Parasitoids 9.9 Symbiotic Interactions Between Entomopathogens and Insect Predators/Parasitoids 9.10 Future Research Directions 9.11 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Biological Management of Major Vegetable Insect Pests with Macro- and Microorganisms 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Etymology 10.2.1 Predators 10.2.2 Parasitoids 10.2.3 Entomopathogens 10.3 Biocontrol Agents in Vegetable Pest Management 10.3.1 Predators 10.3.1.1 Predation Methods 10.3.1.2 Examples of Some Important Predators in Vegetable Ecosystems 10.3.2 Parasitoids 10.4 Microbial Biocontrol Agents in Vegetable Pest Management 10.4.1 Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPF) 10.4.2 Entomopathogenic Bacteria (EPB) 10.4.3 Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPN) 10.5 Some Successful Examples of Biocontrol Agents in Vegetable Pests Management 10.5.1 Pests of Cole Crops 10.5.2 Pests of Brinjal 10.5.3 Pests of Tomato 10.5.4 Pests of Okra 10.6 Constraints Related to Micro and Microbial Pest Control 10.7 Future Strategies References Chapter 11: Biorational Approaches for the Management of Insect Pests of Vegetable Cropss 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Aphids 11.2.1 Life Cycle of Aphid 11.2.2 Nature of Damage 11.2.3 Management Strategies 11.3 Whitefly 11.3.1 Life Cycle of Whitefly 11.3.2 Nature of Damage 11.3.3 Management Strategies 11.4 Fruit Borer 11.4.1 Life Cycle of Fruit Borer 11.4.2 Nature of Damage 11.4.3 Management Strategies 11.5 Tobacco Caterpillar 11.5.1 Life Cycle of Tobacco Caterpillar 11.5.2 Nature of Damage 11.5.3 Management Strategies 11.6 Conclusions References Index The search for new strategies of pest control with safer molecules is currently of great importance and interest. Microbe-mediated biological crop protection is an attractive and promising technology with no concern for a negative impact on the environment and biodiversity. Microbial hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, chitinases, lipases, etc. are attractive for this purpose. They present toxic properties and act synergistically to control pest attacks. Also, some metabolites, that microorganisms produce for their survival or defense, can be explored and exploited for plant protection. The focus of this Volume is on the potential of microbial hydrolytic enzymes and their metabolites in agroecosystem functioning. Subsequent chapters review topics such as microbial hydrolytic enzymes as powerful management tools, chitinases in IPM of agro-horticultural crops, metabolites as pesticides and the importance of the metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi, metabolites and virulence factors. Other topic as include: microbial-based nanoparticles, recombinant DNA technologies to improve the efficacy of microbial insecticides, the effects of entomopathogens on insect predators and parasitoids, and the management of major vegetable insect pests. This Volume provides detailed accounts on the safe use of microbial products for sustainable management of insect pests. Its aim is to build solid foundations for the students, teachers, and researchers interested in eco-friendly management of important insect crop pests