Micro-, Meso- And Macro-connectomics Of The Brain (research And Perspectives In Neurosciences)

This book has brought together leading investigators who work in the new arena of brain connectomics. This includes {u2018}macro-connectome{u2019} efforts to comprehensively chart long-distance pathways and functional networks; {u2018}micro-connectome{u2019} efforts to identify every neuron, axon, dendrite, synapse, and glial process within restricted brain regions; and {u2018}meso-connectome{u2019} efforts to systematically map both local and long-distance connections using anatomical tracers. This book highlights cutting-edge methods that can accelerate progress in elucidating static {u2018}hard-wired{u2019} circuits of the brain as well as dynamic interactions that are vital for brain function. The power of connectomic approaches in characterizing abnormal circuits in the many brain disorders that afflict humankind is considered. Experts in computational neuroscience and network theory provide perspectives needed for synthesizing across different scales in space and time. Altogether, this book provides an integrated view of the challenges and opportunities in deciphering brain circuits in health and disease Acknowledgments 6 Contents 8 List of Contributors 10 Nanoconnectomics 12 Nanoconnectomics 12 Extracellular Space 14 Simulating Signaling in Small Spaces 16 Precision of Synaptic Plasticity 18 References 20 Inhibitory Cell Types, Circuits and Receptive Fields in Mouse Visual Cortex 22 Differences in Connectivity, Visual Responses and Functional Impact of PV Versus SST Interneurons 23 Calretinin (CR) and VIP-Expressing Interneurons Target SST Interneurons 25 Functional Impact of VIP Interneurons 27 References 27 Form Meets Function in the Brain: Observing the Activity and Structure of Specific Neural Connections 30 Introduction 30 CLARITY 31 Clarifying Large Tissue Volumes 32 CLARITY-Optimized Light Sheet Microscopy 34 Tracking Activity in Deep Genetically Targeted Neurons of Behaving Animals 36 Neural Activity that Encodes and Predicts Social Interaction 37 Outlook 39 References 40 The Network for Intracortical Communication in Mouse Visual Cortex 41 Introduction 42 Thalamocortical Projections to Mouse Visual Cortex 42 Cortical Cartography 43 Areal Organization of Visual Cortex 43 Interareal Connections 45 Cortical Hierarchy 46 Synaptic Organization of Feedforward and Feedback Connections 47 Dorsal and Ventral Processing Streams 48 References 50 The Brain in Space 54 Introduction 54 The Promise of Network Theory 55 Empirical Evidence for a Principled Model of Cortical Connectivity: The EDR Model 58 The Cortical Core-Periphery Structure 64 Biology, Clustering and the Importance of Weak Links 72 Conclusion and Perspectives 74 References 80 In-Vivo Connectivity in Monkeys 84 Anatomical, Functional and Effective Connectivity in Animal Models 85 Towards Causality: Effective Connectivity with Focal Perturbation Tools 86 Effective Connectivity: Combined Electrical Microstimulation and Whole-Brain fMRI 90 Novel Genetically-Based Perturbation Methods? 93 References 95 Parcellations and Connectivity Patterns in Human and Macaque Cerebral Cortex 97 Introduction 97 Cortical Cartography and Parcellation 98 Distributed Cortical Connectivity 105 Interspecies Registration 109 Concluding Comments 111 References 111 Connectome Networks: From Cells to Systems 115 Defining the Connectome 115 Brain Networks and Graph Theory 117 Topology of Structural Brain Networks 120 Microscale 120 Mesoscale 121 Macroscale 122 Comparison Across Scales and Challenges 124 Relations Between Structure and Function 125 Microscale 125 Mesoscale 126 Macroscale 127 Comparison Across Scales and Challenges 128 Future Perspectives 129 References 131 Intra- and Inter-hemispheric Connectivity Supporting Hemispheric Specialization 136 Introduction 137 Human Dualism: Two Hands, Two Brains 137 Asymmetries Measured with Brain Imaging 138 Anatomo-Functional Support of HS 139 Gray Matter Macroscopic Asymmetries and HS 139 White Matter Connections Supporting HS 140 Corpus Callosum 140 Intra-hemispheric Structural Connectivity 141 Functional Asymmetries and Hemispheric Dominance for Language Assessed with Meta-analysis 142 Developmental Course of the Setting Up of Anatomical and Functional Asymmetries 143 HS, Cognitive Abilities and Developmental/Psychiatric Diseases 144 Cognitive Skills and Asymmetries 144 Language HS, Developmental and Psychiatric Diseases 146 Inter-individual Variability in HS: Factors at Play 147 BILandGIN: A Multimodal Database for Investigating HS 148 Conclusion 149 References 149 Genetics of the Connectome and the ENIGMA Project 154 Background to ENIGMA 154 Genetic Influences on the Brain 155 Finding the Genes Involved 156 GWAS of the Brain 157 Counterarguments and Power 158 Non-biological Information Arising from ENIGMA 159 But Do the ENIGMA Genes Affect Disease Risk? 160 Searching Brain Images for Statistical Effects 160 Brain-Wide Genome-Wide Scanning 161 Genetic Screening of the Connectome 161 Caveats for Multi-site Genomic Analysis of the Connectome 164 Future Directions: Adaptive Connectomics and EPIC 165 References 166 Index 172 "This book has brought together leading investigators who work in the new arena of brain connectomics. This includes 'macro-connectome' efforts to comprehensively chart long-distance pathways and functional networks; 'micro-connectome' efforts to identify every neuron, axon, dendrite, synapse, and glial process within restricted brain regions; and 'meso-connectome' efforts to systematically map both local and long-distance connections using anatomical tracers. This book highlights cutting-edge methods that can accelerate progress in elucidating static 'hard-wired' circuits of the brain as well as dynamic interactions that are vital for brain function. The power of connectomic approaches in characterizing abnormal circuits in the many brain disorders that afflict humankind is considered. Experts in computational neuroscience and network theory provide perspectives needed for synthesizing across different scales in space and time. Altogether, this book provides an integrated view of the challenges and opportunities in deciphering brain circuits in health and disease"--Publisher's description Front Matter....Pages i-x Nanoconnectomics....Pages 1-10 Inhibitory Cell Types, Circuits and Receptive Fields in Mouse Visual Cortex....Pages 11-18 Form Meets Function in the Brain: Observing the Activity and Structure of Specific Neural Connections....Pages 19-29 The Network for Intracortical Communication in Mouse Visual Cortex....Pages 31-43 The Brain in Space....Pages 45-74 In-Vivo Connectivity in Monkeys....Pages 75-87 Parcellations and Connectivity Patterns in Human and Macaque Cerebral Cortex....Pages 89-106 Connectome Networks: From Cells to Systems....Pages 107-127 Intra- and Inter-hemispheric Connectivity Supporting Hemispheric Specialization....Pages 129-146 Genetics of the Connectome and the ENIGMA Project....Pages 147-164 Back Matter....Pages 165-166