Metropolitan Governance in Asia and the Pacific Rim : Borders, Challenges, Futures

This edited collection examines seminal changes and major policy challenges in metropolitan governance in Asia and the Pacific Rim that are being faced by governments (national and sub-national) and their polities. The book builds upon the work of the largest stream at the Urban Affairs Association’s (UAA) Annual Conference (Urban Issues in Asia and the Pacific Rim) – specifically, the chapters arose from presentations at the 2016 UAA Annual Conference in San Diego and ensuing discussions and debates. The book is framed by three over-arching narratives: • the increased importance (economic, political and cultural) of the Asian region within strategic discussions of planetary urbanism and the problematisation of the concept of the Asian region as an element of these discussions • the challenges engendered by the rapid pace of development (again, economic, political and cultural) and the endorsement, tacit or otherwise, of developmentalism in many of the polities under consideration • the increased salience of metropolitan and urban areas, vis-à-vis other levels of governance (national; local; supra-national), particularly how it is seen as key in addressing these challenges. Acknowledgements 5 Contents 6 Contributors 8 1 Introduction 10 1.1 Motivation for Book 11 1.2 Outline of Chapters 12 References 21 Borders 22 2 Russian Borderland Towns Vis-à-Vis the Japanese Other: Outposts, Destinations, and Gateways 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Conceptual Background 25 2.3 Geography and Pre-1990s History 28 2.4 Remaining as Outposts 30 2.5 Emerging Destinations 33 2.6 Partially Restoring the Gateway Function 35 2.7 Conclusion 36 References 37 3 Toward a Defensive Global City: Urban (In)security in an Age of Terror—The Case of Jakarta, Indonesia 40 3.1 Introduction: Global Cities and Security Issues 40 3.2 The Phenomenon of Urban Terror 43 3.3 Defensive Urban Planning: Historical Context and the Perspective from Urban Planning and Design 44 3.4 Terrorism in Indonesia 48 3.5 Experiences of Terror in Jakarta: Examining Public Perceptions 52 3.6 Promoting a Safer City Through Defensive Urban Design: Lessons Learned and Current Challenges for Jakarta 55 3.7 Conclusion 59 References 59 4 Bordering Practices in Global Sydney: Becoming a City-Region or a “Metropolis of Three Cities”? 64 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Theory: Bordering Territories and Regions 66 4.3 Context: Sydney Metropolitan Planning Strategies and the Sydney Global City Region 69 4.4 Plans and Strategies and the Performance of Borders 74 4.5 Conclusion and Discussion 76 References 77 Challenges 80 5 Upgrading Housing Settlement for the Urban Poor in Indonesia: An Analysis of the Kampung Deret Program 81 5.1 Introduction 82 5.2 Literature Review of Upgrading Housing Settlements 84 5.3 Democratization of Indonesian Government and the Transformation of Housing Policy 85 5.4 Contemporary Housing Policies in Indonesia 86 5.4.1 Self-help Housing 87 5.4.2 Public Housing 88 5.4.3 Cross-Subsidy 90 5.5 Upgrading Housing Settlement Through the Kampung Deret Program 91 5.5.1 Kampung and the Failure of Low-Income Housing Markets 91 5.5.2 Land Tenure 92 5.5.3 Funding and Beneficiaries 94 5.5.4 Housing Development Process 94 5.5.5 Changes in Social and Economic Conditions 95 5.6 Important Ingredients of Upgrading Housing Settlements for the Urban Poor 96 5.7 Observations 97 References 97 6 Comparing Informal Sector Engagement Across Pakistan’s Largest Urban Centers: Lessons in State and Non-state Engagement from Karachi and Lahore 101 6.1 Introduction 102 6.2 Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 104 6.3 Methodology 106 6.4 The Informal Sector in Pakistan 108 6.4.1 Upper Tier Engagement with the Informal Sector 109 6.4.2 Lower Tier Engagement of the Informal Sector 110 6.5 Secondary Research Findings 111 6.5.1 Karachi’s Institutional Landscape 111 6.5.2 Lahore’s Institutional Landscape 113 6.6 Primary Research Findings 116 6.7 Analysis 118 6.7.1 Upper Tier Neglect of the Informal Sector 118 6.7.2 Intergovernmental Disconnections and Neglected Alternatives 119 6.7.3 Community-Led Development 120 6.8 Conclusion 122 References 123 7 China’s New Suburban Reality: An Attempt to Systematically Define the Chinese Suburb 129 7.1 Introduction 130 7.2 Two Types of Chinese Suburbs 131 7.3 The Production of China’s Suburbs 132 7.3.1 The Metropolitan Patterns in Feudal and Imperial China 133 7.3.2 Suburban Reality in Socialist China 135 7.3.3 Metropolitan Reality in Contemporary China 136 7.3.4 Metropolitan Reality in Contemporary China’s Megacities 138 7.4 Residents’ Perceptions of China’s Suburbs and Their Suburban Everyday Life 141 7.4.1 How Suburbanites in Formal Suburban Gated Communities Perceive Their Living Environment 142 7.4.2 How Residents in Informal Urban Fringe Areas Perceive Their Living Environment 143 7.5 Concluding Remarks 146 References 147 8 Moving from Rural to Urban: Urbanization and Its Implications for Educational Equality and Equity in China 149 8.1 Introduction 150 8.2 Theoretical Framework 150 8.2.1 Educational Equality and Equity 150 8.2.2 Urbanization and Education 151 8.2.3 Capital Theory and Education 152 8.3 Socioeconomic Background and History of Urbanization in China 153 8.4 Urbanization and Its Implications for Education 159 8.4.1 Education in China 159 8.4.2 Educational Equality and Equity 161 8.5 Conclusion 164 References 165 9 Urban Sustainability in India: Green Buildings, AMRUT Yojana, and Smart Cities 169 9.1 Introduction 170 9.2 Urban Sustainability Programs in India 171 9.2.1 History of Urban Development Policy and Programs 172 9.2.2 Green Rating Systems in India 173 9.3 Case Studies 175 9.3.1 ITC Hotels and the LEED Platinum Certification Standard 175 9.3.2 GRIHA: An Indigenous Green Rating System 177 9.3.3 Challenges of India’s Green Building Programs 177 9.3.4 AMRUT Yojana 179 9.3.5 Case Study: Surat City 180 9.3.6 Challenges to the Implementation of AMRUT 181 9.4 India’s Smart Cities Mission 182 9.4.1 New Delhi’s Smart City Plan 185 9.4.2 Jaipur’s Smart City Plan 187 9.4.3 Challenges Confronting India’s Smart Cities Mission 190 9.5 The Urban Future and Conclusions 190 References 192 Future 197 10 The Sino-Southeast Asian–Australasian Necklace: Critical Junctures, Branding Cities, and Entrepreneurial Leadership 198 10.1 Hong Kong–Macau–Pearl River Delta: Pearl of the Orient, Asia’s World City, Super-Connector and World-Class Megalopolis 199 10.1.1 Introduction: South China Cultural City-Region; Culture of Change 199 10.1.2 Juncture A: Hong Kong’s Sea–Air Connectivity, National and City-Regional Historical Contexts, and Innovation 199 10.1.3 Juncture B: The Pearl River Delta’s New Economy, Balanced Development, Governance, and the Ascent of China 201 10.1.4 Juncture C: Enhancing HK-MO-PRD Competitiveness, City-Regional Development Models, Branding, and Entrepreneurial Talents 203 10.1.5 Discussion: City-Regional Governance and Catalysts 204 10.1.6 Summary: The Strategic Road Forward: “Cultural Fit” and a Win–Win Strategy 205 10.2 Vientiane-Central Laos: Land of One Million Elephants, Last-Flying Geese, ASEAN Connector, and Leapfrogging Development Cluster 206 10.2.1 Introduction: The Land-Locked, Late-Flying Goose, First Human Natural Resource Center 206 10.2.2 Juncture A: Land-Linked and Connectivity; City-Regional Advantages 207 10.2.3 Juncture B: Water, Energy, Economy, Livelihood, and Balanced Development 208 10.2.4 Juncture C: Enhancing Branding and Entrepreneurial Talents 209 10.2.5 Discussion: Indochina, ASEAN and Hong Kong-Pearl River Delta Connectivity and Entrepreneurship—A Laotian Perspective 210 10.2.6 Summary: ASEAN-Laos: Learning Region, ASEAN-Laos.LearnNet 213 10.3 Darwin-Northern Territory: Northern Tip Eco-Wallacea Triangle, Connected Infrastructures Showcase, New Asia Gateway and Hinterland 213 10.3.1 Introduction: Synergies of Northern Coast of the Southern Continent, Asia’s Alternative Hinterland, Historical Bio-Eco Resource Region 213 10.3.2 Juncture A: Toward Sea–Air Connectivity, National and City-Regional Paradigm 215 10.3.3 Juncture B: Resource and Techno-Economy, Balanced, and Collaborative Developments 215 10.3.4 Juncture C: Current Advantages, Future Branding Talents 216 10.3.5 Discussion: Sectors and Roles, Darwin-NT and Asian Perspectives 217 10.3.6 Summary: New Asia–ASEAN Resource Center, Innovation Lab and Development Paradigm 218 10.4 Forming a City-Region Necklace, Repositioning Hong Kong, Recapitulation of Innovations to Capture Value 218 10.5 Concluding Remarks 221 References 221 Front Matter ....Pages i-x Introduction (Bligh Grant, Cathy Yang Liu, Lin Ye)....Pages 1-12 Front Matter ....Pages 13-13 Russian Borderland Towns Vis-à-Vis the Japanese Other: Outposts, Destinations, and Gateways (Serghei Golunov)....Pages 15-31 Toward a Defensive Global City: Urban (In)security in an Age of Terror—The Case of Jakarta, Indonesia (Husnul Fitri Sundoko, Roos Akbar, Denny Zulkaidi, Teti Armiati Argo)....Pages 33-56 Bordering Practices in Global Sydney: Becoming a City-Region or a “Metropolis of Three Cities”? (Kane Pham)....Pages 57-72 Front Matter ....Pages 73-73 Upgrading Housing Settlement for the Urban Poor in Indonesia: An Analysis of the Kampung Deret Program (Deden Rukmana)....Pages 75-94 Comparing Informal Sector Engagement Across Pakistan’s Largest Urban Centers: Lessons in State and Non-state Engagement from Karachi and Lahore (Faisal Shaheen)....Pages 95-122 China’s New Suburban Reality: An Attempt to Systematically Define the Chinese Suburb (Pengfei Li)....Pages 123-142 Moving from Rural to Urban: Urbanization and Its Implications for Educational Equality and Equity in China (Ming Yin)....Pages 143-162 Urban Sustainability in India: Green Buildings, AMRUT Yojana, and Smart Cities (Russell M. Smith, Prasad Pathak)....Pages 163-190 Front Matter ....Pages 191-191 The Sino-Southeast Asian–Australasian Necklace: Critical Junctures, Branding Cities, and Entrepreneurial Leadership (Anthony K. C. Ip, Thomas Yip)....Pages 193-221 Annotation This edited collection examines seminal changes and major policy challenges in metropolitan governance in Asia and the Pacific Rim that are being faced by governments (national and sub-national) and their polities. The book builds upon the work of the largest stream at the Urban Affairs Association's (UAA) Annual Conference (Urban Issues in Asia and the Pacific Rim) - specifically, the chapters arose from presentations at the 2016 UAA Annual Conference in San Diego and ensuing discussions and debates. The book is framed by three over-arching narratives:* the increased importance (economic, political and cultural) of the Asian region within strategic discussions of planetary urbanism and the problematisation of the concept of the Asian region as an element of these discussions* the challenges engendered by the rapid pace of development (again, economic, political and cultural) and the endorsement, tacit or otherwise, of developmentalism in many of the polities under consideration* the increased salience of metropolitan and urban areas, vis-à-vis other levels of governance (national; local; supra-national), particularly how it is seen as key in addressing these challenges