Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis, Volume 6: Ovarian Cancer, Renal Cancer, Urogenitary tract Cancer, Urinary Bladder Cancer, Cervical Uterine Cancer

This sixth volume in the series Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis discusses Ovarian Cancer, Renal Cancer, Urogenitary Cancer, Urinary Bladder Cancer, Cervical Uterine Cancer, Skin Cancer, Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma and Sarcoma. Both standard and emerging therapies for these cancers, written by expert oncologists/pathologists in this field, are included. This fully illustrated volume Identifies biomarkers based on genetic alterations for clear cell ovarian adenocarcinoma. Identifies subgroups of ovarian cancer by using differential gene expression. Includes the application of the power-Doppler imaging for distinguishing benign from malignant complex adrenal masses in ovarian cancer. Emphasizes the advantage of using cytoreduction surgery for diagnosing advanced ovarian cancer. Provides details on the treatment of kidney cancer with radiofrequency ablation, surgery, and chemotherapy. Explains the use of immunohistochemistry for diagnosing adenomatoid tumor of the adrenal gland. Discusses the chemotherapy of testicular cancer and related second primary tumors. Includes the diagnosis of urothelial bladder cancer with urine-based tumor markers. Explains the use of immunohistochemistry and MRI for diagnosing uterine cervical cancer and describes the staging of this cancer using PET alone or PET/CT. Describes the localization of malignant melanoma using FDG-PET/CT. Explains the use of prognostic receptors for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Details the treatment of multiple myeloma using immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted radionuclide therapy. Presents diagnostic immunohistochemistry of synovial and Kaposi's sarcoma. The technological advances presented in this volume are expected to expedite new discoveries and their translation to clinical practice. The field of oncology will benefit the most from these advanced methods, as a combination of therapies and personalized medicine will improve early detection of these different types of cancer. Professor Hayat has summarized the problems associated with the complexities of research publications and has been successful in editing a must-read volume for oncologists, cancer researchers, medical teachers and students of cancer biology. Cover......Page 1 Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis, Volume 6 (Springer, 2010)......Page 4 ISBN 978-90-481-2917-1......Page 5 Contributors......Page 7 Preface......Page 14 Introduction......Page 16 Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5......Page 17 Contents......Page 31 Part I - Ovarian Cancer......Page 45 Introduction......Page 47 Genetic Alterations in Clear Cell Ovarian Cancer......Page 48 Clear Cell Ovarian Cancer Has Distinct Transcription Profiles......Page 50 Differential Gene Expression in Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of Different Organs......Page 51 References......Page 52 Introduction......Page 55 Biomarkers and Screening of Ovarian Cancer......Page 56 Aberrant Mucin Expression in Ovarian Cancer: A Novel Class of Biomarkers......Page 57 MUCIN4 in Ovarian Cancer......Page 58 Immunolabeling......Page 60 References......Page 61 Introduction......Page 64 Patients and Methods......Page 65 Results......Page 68 Discussion......Page 69 References......Page 72 Ovarian Cancer Heterogeneity......Page 75 Selection of Samples for Gene Microarray Analysis......Page 76 Contamination of Gene Expression Profiles by Other Cells in Tissues......Page 77 Importance of Pathological Quality Control......Page 78 RNA Isolation for Generating Gene Expression Data......Page 79 Need for Secondary Validation of Data......Page 80 Gene Expression Analysis Used to Determine Ovarian Cancer Subgroups......Page 81 Gene Expression Analysis Used to Compare Different Stages or Grades of Ovarian Cancer......Page 83 Gene Expression Profiles Based on Metastasis......Page 86 Correlation of Gene Expression Profiles to Chemotherapeutic Response......Page 88 Correlation of Gene Expression Profiles to Surgical Debulking......Page 91 Correlation of Gene Expression Profiles to Patients’ Survival......Page 92 Summary......Page 94 References......Page 95 Clinical Features......Page 99 Microscopic Findings......Page 100 Differential Diagnosis......Page 101 Cytokeratins......Page 102 Calretinin......Page 103 Other Makers......Page 104 References......Page 106 CA125 and MUC16......Page 110 Mesothelin......Page 112 Mesothelin and MUC16 Binding......Page 113 Kinetics of Mesothelin–MUC16 Binding......Page 114 Mesothelin Binds to N-Linked Oligosaccharides Present on MUC16......Page 115 A Phenotypic Shift......Page 118 NK Cell Differentiation......Page 120 References......Page 121 Presentation at Early Stages and Association with Endometriosis......Page 124 Molecular Characteristics......Page 125 Prognosis After Cytoreductive Surgery......Page 126 References......Page 128 Value of Cytoreduction......Page 131 Ability of Computed Tomography to Predict Optimal Cytoreduction......Page 134 Other Techniques for Predicting Surgical Outcomes......Page 137 Conclusion......Page 139 References......Page 140 Part II - Renal Cancer......Page 142 Introduction......Page 144 Magnetic Resonance Signal Characteristics of Radiofrequency Induced Thermal Ablation Zones......Page 145 References......Page 147 Patients and Methods......Page 149 Discussion......Page 151 References......Page 153 Introduction......Page 155 Interferon-a (IFN-a)......Page 156 Methodological Aspects of Perioperative Immunomonitoring......Page 157 Flow Cytometry......Page 158 Materials......Page 159 Materials and Methods......Page 160 Perioperative Immunomodulation with Interleukin-2......Page 161 Perioperative Immunomodulation with Interferon-Alpha......Page 163 Other Agents......Page 165 Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 166 References......Page 167 Introduction......Page 170 Fas-Driven Apoptosis and Bcl-2 in Renal Cell Cancer Cells......Page 171 Bcl-2 or Fas and Prognosis of Renal Cell Cancer Patients......Page 172 Absence of Bcl-2 and Fas/CD95/Apo-1 Predicts the Response to Immunotherapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma......Page 173 Expression of Bcl-2......Page 174 Detection of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis......Page 175 Conclusion......Page 176 References......Page 177 Prognostic Factors in Wilms Tumor......Page 179 Quantification Methods......Page 180 Angiogenesis and Wilms Tumor......Page 182 References......Page 185 Part III - Urogenitary Tract Cancer......Page 188 General Features......Page 190 Histology and Differential Diagnosis......Page 191 Immunophenotype......Page 192 References......Page 194 Indications for Pc-Rplnd......Page 195 Preoperative Considerations......Page 197 Technical Considerations......Page 198 Treatment-Related Outcomes......Page 201 Postoperative Follow-Up......Page 204 Conclusions......Page 205 References......Page 206 Cohort Studies......Page 208 Nested Case-Control Studies......Page 210 Methodological Limitations......Page 211 All Testicular Cancers......Page 212 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy......Page 213 References......Page 216 Part IV - Urinary Bladder Cancer......Page 219 Rationale......Page 221 Screening in People with Occupational Exposure......Page 222 Hematuria Screening......Page 223 Urine-Based Tumor Markers......Page 224 Methodological Aspects of Marker Evaluation......Page 225 Nuclear Matrix Protein-22......Page 227 ImmunoCyt/uCyt......Page 228 Cost-Effectiveness......Page 229 Biases and Pitfalls in Bladder Cancer Screening......Page 230 Conclusions......Page 231 References......Page 232 Introduction......Page 234 Materials......Page 235 Total RNA Extraction......Page 238 PCR......Page 239 Transfer......Page 240 Stripping and Reprobing the Membrane......Page 241 Statistical Analyses......Page 242 Expression of OCT-4 in Tumor and Non-Tumor Tissues of Human Bladder......Page 243 Tissue Distribution and Intracellular Localization of OCT-4 Protein in Bladder Tumors......Page 244 Discussion......Page 246 References......Page 248 Part V - Cervical Uterine Cancer......Page 250 Introduction......Page 252 Solvents, Media, and Solutions......Page 253 Methods......Page 254 Inactivation of Endogenous Peroxidase......Page 255 Counterstaining......Page 256 Results......Page 257 Discussion......Page 259 References......Page 262 Normal Anatomy of Uterine Cervix......Page 264 General Consideration of Uterine Cervical Cancer......Page 265 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Uterine Cervical Cancer......Page 266 Magnetic Resonance Findings of Uterine Cervical Cancer......Page 267 Magnetic Resonance Staging of Uterine Cervical Cancer......Page 268 Pelvic Computed Tomography Versus Magnetic Resonance......Page 271 Evaluation of Pelvic Lymph Nodes......Page 272 References......Page 273 Introduction......Page 276 Dose Specification......Page 277 Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Cervical Cancer Brachytherapy......Page 278 Image-Based Brachytherapy......Page 279 References......Page 280 Concept of Quality of Life......Page 282 First Step: Questions to Be Asked When Selecting a Quality of Life Instrument......Page 283 Validity......Page 284 Types of Qualty of Life Measurments......Page 285 EORTC Modular Approach to Quality of Life Assessment......Page 287 Phase III: Pretesting......Page 288 Phase IV: Testing the Psychometric Properties......Page 289 References......Page 290 Background and Staging......Page 293 Directing Therapy......Page 297 Prognosis......Page 298 Posttherapy Monitoring......Page 299 References......Page 300 Introduction......Page 303 Patients......Page 305 Statistical Analysis......Page 306 Immunohistochemical Expression of IDO in Endometrial Cancer Tissues......Page 307 Multivariate Analysis of Prognostic Variables in Endometrial Cancer Patients......Page 308 Discussion......Page 309 References......Page 311 Part VI - Skin Cancer......Page 314 Introduction......Page 316 Identification of Genes Implicated in Oncogenesis......Page 317 Biologic Role of Neurofibromin in Melanocytes......Page 319 Mutations of the NF1 Gene in NF1-Associated Malignant Melanoma......Page 320 Inactivation of the NF1 Gene in NF1-Associated Malignant Melanoma......Page 321 References......Page 322 Introduction and Clinical Background......Page 325 Potential Indications of Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in the Management of Malignant Melanoma......Page 326 Detection of Locoregional Lymph Node Invasion......Page 327 Pitfalls and Additional Value of Integrated PET/CT Imaging......Page 328 Role of FDG-PET in Monitoring Response to Therapy......Page 331 Alternative Tracers for Diagnosing MM and Monitoring Therapy Response......Page 332 References......Page 335 The Deep Penetrating Nevus as a Model of Paradoxical Melanocytic Invasion......Page 337 Immunostaining of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Discriminates Metastatic Malignant Melanoma from Deep Penetrating Nevus – Applicatio......Page 338 Immunohistochemical Evaluation......Page 339 Discussion and Biologic Background......Page 341 References......Page 344 The Eph/Ephrin Family......Page 346 Eph/Ephrin Expression in Human Skin......Page 347 Epha1 and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer......Page 349 References......Page 351 Introduction......Page 355 Alemtuzumab as Monotherapy in Pretreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia......Page 356 Combination Therapy......Page 362 Consolidation Therapy with Alemtuzumab......Page 364 References......Page 366 Part VIII - Multiple Myeloma......Page 371 Introduction......Page 372 Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 373 Anti-IL-6 Therapy......Page 374 Strategies for Targeting IGF-1......Page 376 Immunotoxins and Immunoconjugates......Page 377 Radioimmunoconjugates......Page 378 Myeloma Vaccines......Page 379 Growth Factors......Page 380 Thalidomide and Immunomodulatory Drugs......Page 381 Radiotherapy......Page 382 Bone Seeking Radiopharmaceuticals......Page 384 Mechanism of Action of STR......Page 385 Phase I/II Dosimetry Study......Page 386 Ongoing Phase III Trials......Page 388 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 389 References......Page 390 Part IX - Sarcoma......Page 394 Introduction......Page 396 Primers......Page 397 RT-PCR......Page 398 Results......Page 399 Evaluation of the RT-PCR Results......Page 400 References......Page 401 Introduction......Page 402 Materials......Page 404 Manual Immunostaining......Page 405 Automated Immunostaining......Page 406 Results and Discussion......Page 407 References......Page 410 Introduction......Page 413 Materials......Page 415 Methods......Page 416 Interpretation......Page 425 Histogenesis......Page 426 HHV8 Infection......Page 429 Angiogenesis......Page 430 Apoptosis......Page 431 Therapy......Page 432 Conclusion......Page 433 References......Page 434 Introduction......Page 440 Histology......Page 441 Immunohistochemistry......Page 443 Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics......Page 445 In Situ hybridization......Page 446 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)......Page 448 Prognostic Markers for Synovial Sarcoma......Page 449 Introduction......Page 456 Inhibition of Transcription Factors......Page 457 Inhibition of DNA Repair Machinery......Page 458 Metabolism and Toxicity of ET-743......Page 459 Clinical Activity of ET-743 in Patients with Sarcoma......Page 461 References......Page 463 Index......Page 466 This volume presents a detailed survey of cancers. This volume was written by of various methodologies related to diag- 94 oncologists representing 13 countries. nosis, therapy, and prognosis of ovar- Their practical experience highlights their ian cancer, renal cancer, urinary bladder writings, which should build and further cancer, and cervical uterine cancer, while the endeavors of the readers in this imp- the already published Volumes 1–5 detail tant area of disease. The text of each c- similar aspects of breast, lung, prostate, cer type is divided into subheadings for liver, gastrointestinal, colorectal, and bil- the convenience of the readers. It is my iary tract carcinomas. hope that the current volume will join the It is well established that cancer is the preceding volumes of this series for assi- deadliest of human diseases. The follow- ing in the more complete understanding ing estimated global incidence of seven of globally relevant cancer syndromes. types of cancers discussed in this volume There exists a tremendous, urgent demand indicated the seriousness of this malig- by the public on the scientific community nancy. to address cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and hopefully cures. Cervical uterine cancer 493,342 I am grateful to the contributors for their Urinary bladder cancer 357,000 promptness accepting my suggestions. I respect their dedication and diligent work Leukemia 300,522 in sharing their invaluable knowledge with Renal cancer 208,480 the public through this series. This eighth volume in the series "Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis" discusses in detail the classification of the CNS tumors as well as brain tumor imaging. Scientists and Clinicians have contributed state of the art chapters on their respective areas of expertise, providing the reader a whole field view of the CNS tumors and brain tumor imaging in Europe. This fully illustrated volume: explains the genetics of malignant brain tumors and gene amplification using quantitative-PCR; presents a large number of standard and new imaging modalities, including magnetic res