Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis: Brain Cancer (Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis, Volume 8)

This eighth volume in the series Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis discusses in detail the classification of the CNS tumors as well as brain tumor imaging. Scientists and Clinicians have contributed state of the art chapters on their respective areas of expertise, providing the reader a whole field view of the CNS tumors and brain tumor imaging in Europe. This fully illustrated volume: Explains the genetics of malignant brain tumors and gene amplification using quantitative-PCR; Presents a large number of standard and new imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, amide proton transfer imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance single voxel spectroscopy and intraoperative ultrasound imaging, for staging and diagnosing various primary and secondary brain cancers; Explains the usefulness of imaging methods for planning and monitoring (assessment) therapy for cancers; Discusses diagnosis and treatment of primary CNS lymphomas, CNS atypical teratoid/rhabdoid and CNS Rosai-Dorfman disease; Includes the subject of translational medicine. Professor Hayat has summarized the problems associated with the complexities of research publications and has been successful in editing a must-read volume for oncologists, cancer researchers, medical teachers and students of cancer biology. Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis: Brain Cancer (Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis, Volume 8)......Page 1 Front-matter......Page 2 Title page......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contributors......Page 8 Preface......Page 14 Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7......Page 16 Contents......Page 36 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma: WHO Grade II......Page 48 Extraventricular Neurocytoma: WHO Grade II......Page 49 Angiocentric Glioma: WHO Grade I......Page 50 Medulloblastoma: WHO Grade IV......Page 51 REFERENCES......Page 52 Indications......Page 55 Therapy Planning......Page 56 Preinjection......Page 57 Radiation Dosimetry of Brain Transmission Scans......Page 58 FDG, MET or FET Positron Emission Tomography......Page 59 IMT Single Photon Emission Tomography......Page 60 Visual Interpretation......Page 61 Quantification......Page 62 Interpretation and Conclusion......Page 63 References......Page 64 Previous Studies Assessing Molecular Heterogeneity of Tumors......Page 66 Description of Method......Page 67 MRI-Guided Stereotactic Biopsy......Page 68 Use of Genomics Technologies for Regional Molecular Profiling......Page 70 Histopathological Considerations......Page 71 Assessing Quality of Biopsy Extracts......Page 72 Genomic Assessment of Regional Tumor Phenotype......Page 73 Utility of Stereotactic Biopsy for Tumor Characterization......Page 74 Clinical Impact of Improved Tumor Characterization......Page 75 References......Page 76 Markers for Glial Tumors......Page 78 Well-Circumscribed Astrocytic Tumors......Page 80 Markers for Neuronal Tumors......Page 81 Medulloblastoma......Page 82 Markers for Meningeal Tumors......Page 83 Germinoma (OCT 4)......Page 84 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (BAF47/INI1)......Page 85 Hemangioblastoma (Alpha-Inhibin, Aquaporin-1)......Page 86 Differential Diagnosis of Round Clear Cell (Oligodendroglioma-Like) Tumors......Page 87 Differential Diagnosis of Malignant (Small) Blue Cell Tumors in CNS......Page 88 IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AS A USEFUL ADJUNCT IN GRADING OF BRAIN TUMORS: Ki-67 AND PHOSPHO-HISTON H3......Page 89 Meningioma......Page 90 Antigen Retrieval......Page 91 Immunohistochemical Staining of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue......Page 92 Protocol......Page 93 REFERENCES......Page 94 INTRODUCTION......Page 97 AQP4 Astrocyte Endfeet Marker Involved in Brain Water Homeostasis......Page 98 Involvement of AQP9 in Brain Energy Metabolism......Page 99 AQP1 in Tumors: Water Homeostasis or Cell Migration?......Page 100 AQP4 in Tumors: Biomarker for Tumor Classification......Page 102 AQP9 in Brain Tumors: New Findings......Page 105 REFERENCES......Page 106 INTRODUCTION......Page 109 Quantitative-PCR: Amplification Status......Page 110 RESULTS......Page 111 FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS......Page 112 REFERENCES......Page 113 INTRODUCTION......Page 114 MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 115 Materials......Page 116 Methods......Page 117 Materials......Page 118 Materials......Page 119 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 121 REFERENCES......Page 123 INTRODUCTION......Page 126 METHODOLOGY OF INDICATIONS......Page 127 METHODOLOGY OF CHOICE OF FRACTIONATION SCHEDULE......Page 128 METHODOLOGY OF DOSIMETRY......Page 129 CONSTRUCTION OF HYPOFRACTIONATED PLANS......Page 134 CASE EXAMPLE......Page 135 COHORT STUDY......Page 137 REFERENCES......Page 138 INTRODUCTION......Page 140 Angiogenic Growth Factors......Page 142 Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors......Page 143 Endothelial Cell Adhesion and Migration......Page 145 CONCLUSION......Page 147 REFERENCES......Page 149 HISTOPATHOLOGY AND GENETIC BACKGROUND OF GLIOMAS......Page 152 CURRENT TREATMENT MODALITIES......Page 153 VEGF-A and angiogenesis......Page 154 PRECLINICAL ANTI-ANGIOGENIC THERAPY OF BRAIN TUMORS......Page 156 CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH ANTI-ANGIOGENIC THERAPY......Page 157 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 159 REFERENCES......Page 160 INTRODUCTION......Page 163 CHEMICAL EXCHANGE-DEPENDENT SATURATION TRANSFER IMAGING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS......Page 164 APT IMAGING OF EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN TUMOR MODELS......Page 165 APT IMAGING OF HUMAN BRAIN TUMORS......Page 167 REFERENCES......Page 169 INTRODUCTION......Page 172 Diffusion Tensor......Page 173 Diffusion Tensor Metrics......Page 175 DATA ACQUISITION METHODS......Page 176 9L Gliosarcoma......Page 177 C6 Glioma......Page 178 F98 Glioma......Page 180 Tractography......Page 181 Tumor Cell Density and Diffusion Anisotropy......Page 182 Other Challenges......Page 183 REFERENCES......Page 184 INTRODUCTION......Page 186 Diffusion Weighted Imaging......Page 187 Diffusion Tensor Imaging......Page 188 Diffusion Imaging in Tissue Characterization......Page 189 Diffusion Imaging in Tumor Grading......Page 190 Diffusion Imaging in Treatment Follow-Up......Page 191 Diffusion Imaging in Differentiation of Recurrent Tumor from Radiation Injury and Post-surgical Injury......Page 193 Pitfalls......Page 194 REFERENCES......Page 195 INTRODUCTION......Page 198 IMAGING BRAIN TUMORS WITH POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY AND FDG......Page 199 AMINO ACID PET IN BRAIN TUMORS......Page 200 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING IN LESS COMMON TUMOR TYPES......Page 202 DELINEATION OF TUMOR EXTENT FOR TREATMENT PLANNING......Page 203 MINIMIZING DAMAGE TO UNINVOLVED BRAIN STRUCTURES......Page 208 MONITORING BRAIN TUMORS: WHEN IS THE BEST TIME TO INTERVENE?......Page 211 SELECTION OF TREATMENT MODALITIES......Page 212 ASSESSING RESPONSE TO TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS......Page 213 THE FUTURE OF PET IMAGING IN BRAIN TUMORS......Page 215 References......Page 217 INTRODUCTION......Page 220 INTENSITY AND DyNAMICS OF O-(2-[18F]Fluorethyl)-L-TYROSINE-UPTAKE......Page 221 CORRELATION OF O-(2-[18F]Fluorethyl)-L-TYROSINE-UPTAKE WITH MORPHOLOGICAL IMAGING......Page 225 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMAGE ACQUISITION AND INTERPRETATION......Page 226 CLINICAL APPLICATION......Page 227 REFERENCES......Page 228 Patient Selection......Page 230 Analysis of Stereotactic PET Images and Target Definition......Page 231 RESULTS......Page 233 PET for the Guidance of Stereotactic Brain Biopsy......Page 236 Accuracy of Stereotactic PET Coregistration......Page 238 Comparison Between Met and FDG......Page 239 REFERENCES......Page 240 RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AND TECHNICAL ISSUES......Page 243 99mTc-MIBI-SPECT IN BRAIN TUMORS EVALUATION......Page 245 99mTc-MIBI-SPECT IN HEMORRHAGIC BRAIN NEOPLASM......Page 247 REFERENCES......Page 252 INTRODUCTION......Page 254 Preparation of 123I-IPA......Page 255 Correlative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 256 Qualitative Interpretation and Quantitative Image Analysis......Page 257 Initial Evaluation of Suspected Brain Tumors......Page 258 Evaluation of Suspected Recurrence or Progression......Page 260 DISCUSSION......Page 261 REFERENCES......Page 264 SINGLE VOXEL MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 266 WHAT DOES SINGLE VOXEL MRS TELL US ABOUT A BRAIN TUMOR?......Page 267 INFORMATION PROVIDED BY A SINGLE VOXEL MR SPECTRUM......Page 268 How to Perform a Single Voxel Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study When a Brain Tumor Is Suspected......Page 269 Reporting on a Single Voxel Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study......Page 270 Quantifying a Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study: Processing a Single Voxel Magnetic Resonance Spectrum......Page 274 QUANTIFYING AN MRS STUDY: RATIO-BASED DETERMINATIONS......Page 275 WHEN THERE IS AN INDICATION FOR A SV MRS EXAM......Page 277 Discrimination Between Tumor and Pseudotumoral Lesion......Page 278 Tumor Classification......Page 279 REFERENCES......Page 280 PRINCIPLES OF PARALLEL MRI......Page 283 PARALLEL MRI ACQUISITIONS......Page 284 PARALLEL MRI RECONSTRUCTIONS......Page 286 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION......Page 288 APPLICATION – SENSE HUMAN BRAIN FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 290 APPLICATION – SENSE PROTON SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING......Page 293 REFERENCES......Page 297 CLASSIFICATION AND OVERVIEW OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS......Page 301 INTRA-AXIAL TUMOR IMAGING PROTOCOL......Page 302 DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING......Page 305 PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 306 BASICS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR IMAGE INTERPRETATION......Page 307 Primary (Non-lymphomatous) Neoplasms......Page 308 Secondary Neoplasms (Metastases)......Page 309 Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions......Page 310 Brain Abscess......Page 311 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTION......Page 312 REFERENCES......Page 314 DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING AND T2 SHINE-THROUGH......Page 317 CELLURARITY AND APPARENT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT......Page 318 CLINICAL APPLICATION OF APPARNET DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT IN BRAIN TUMOR ASSESSMENTS......Page 319 Astrocytomas, Oligodendrogliomas, and Ependymomas......Page 320 Medulloblastomas, Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, and Ependymomas......Page 321 Glioblastomas, Metastatic Tumors, and Malignant Lymphomas......Page 322 Pituitary and Parasellar Tumors and Others......Page 323 Visualizing Tumor Infiltration......Page 324 Distinguishing Tumor Recurrence from Radiation Necrosis......Page 325 Monitoring Treatment Effects......Page 326 Distinguishing Tumor Recurrence from Resection Injury......Page 327 Distinguishing Brain Abscesses from Cystic or Necrotic Malignant Tumors......Page 328 Study Limitations: Variations in Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Measurements, Selection of Regions of Interest......Page 329 FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 331 REFERENCES......Page 332 BIOLOGIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS......Page 335 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES......Page 336 HUMAN IMAGING......Page 338 FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 340 REFERENCES......Page 341 INTRODUCTION......Page 343 IMAGING PROTOCOL......Page 346 IMAGING PROPERTIES OF SOLITARY BRAIN METASTASIS......Page 350 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SOLITARY BRAIN METASTASIS......Page 355 FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCLUSION......Page 358 REFERENCES......Page 359 INTRODUCTION......Page 362 Transducers (Arrays)......Page 363 Resolution......Page 364 EFFICACY OF INTRA-OPERATIVE ULTRASOUND......Page 366 REFERENCES......Page 371 INTRODUCTION......Page 373 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS......Page 374 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 375 WHOLE-BRAIN RADIOTHERAPY......Page 376 Single Agent Chemotherapy......Page 378 Retreatment with Methotrexate......Page 379 Combination Chemotherapy......Page 380 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES......Page 381 HIGH-DOSE CHEMOTHERAPY AND AUTOLOGOUS STEM-CELL RESCUE......Page 382 INTRATHECAL CHEMOTHERAPY......Page 383 CONCLUSIONS......Page 384 REFERENCES......Page 385 Role in CNS Atypical Tratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor......Page 388 Methods......Page 389 Method......Page 390 Method......Page 391 Methods......Page 392 Methods......Page 393 Evaluation of IGF-I/-II/IGF-IR in CNS AT/RT......Page 394 THERAPEUTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF IGF-IR IN CNS AT/RT......Page 395 REFERENCES......Page 397 INTRODUCTION, EPIDEMIOLIGY AND ETIOLOGY......Page 400 INTRACRANIAL RDD: CLINCAL AND IMAGING FINDINGS AND DIFFeRENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 401 SPINAL RDD: CLINICAL AND IMAGING FINDINGS AND DIFFeRENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 403 CLINICAL COURSE AND TREATMENT......Page 405 REFERENCES......Page 406 Index......Page 409