Metaphysics Through Semantics: The Philosophical Recovery of the Medieval Mind: Essays in Honor of Gyula Klima (International Archives of the History ... internationales d'histoire des idées, 242)

“More than any other living scholar of medieval philosophy, Gyula Klima has influenced the way we read and understand philosophical texts by showing how the questions they ask can be placed in a modern context without loss or distortion. The key to his approach is a respect for medieval authors coupled with a commitment to regarding their texts as a genuine source of insight on questions in metaphysics, theology, psychology, logic, and the philosophy of language―as opposed to assimilating what they say to modern doctrines, or using medieval discussions as a foil for ‘new and improved’ conceptual schemes.” Jack Zupko, University of Alberta “Gyula Klima is widely recognized as one of the world’s leading experts on thirteenth and fourteenth-century Latin philosophy, with his own, distinctive analytic approach, which brings out both the similarities and differences between medieval and contemporary logic and semantics.” John Marenbon, Trinity College, University of Cambridge “Gyula Klima has been a towering figure in the field of medieval philosophy for decades. His influence comprises not only the scholarly results of his work, but also intense and generous mentorship of students and junior colleagues. This volume is a perfect reflection of the esteem that he enjoys around the world, collecting excellent pieces by established as well as up-and-coming scholars of medieval philosophy.” Catarina Dutilh Novaes, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam “For four decades now, Gyula Klima has been setting the standard among medievalists for philosophical sophistication and historical rigor. This collection of wide-ranging studies from leading scholars in the field offers a worthy tribute to that legacy.” Robert Pasnau, University of Colorado Boulder Gyula Klima is Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, and Senior Research Fellow, Consultant, and the Director of Institute for the History of Ideas of the Hungarian Research Institute in Budapest. In 2022, the President of Hungary awarded him the Knight’s Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit, “in recognition of his outstanding academic career, significant research work and exemplary leadership.” In this volume, colleagues, collaborators, and students celebrate Klima’s project with new essays on Plotinus, Anselm, Aquinas, Buridan, Ockham and others, exploring specific questions in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, metaphysics, and logic. No contemporary surpasses Kripke and Klima in semantics and metaphysics, but only Gyula Klima’s thought ranges flawlessly over classical philosophy as well. The volume is a fitting tribute to the master. David Twetten, Marquette University Preface Contents Contributors Introduction: In Appreciation of Gyula Klima A Magyar Mind Contributions to Metaphysics Through Semantics Intellectual Midwifery Bibliography Part I: Before Aquinas Chapter 1: Pythagoras, the Philosopher and Grammar Teacher (Br. Lib. Add. MS 37516 recto) Bibliography Chapter 2: Abelard on Existential Inference 2.1 The Problem with the Problem of Existential Import 2.2 Grammar and Logic 2.3 Existential Commitment 2.4 Quantifiers 2.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 3: Rereading “Saint Anselm’s Proof” 3.1 Some Reservations About “Saint Anselm’s Proof” 3.2 Despite the Reservations, “Saint Anselm’s Proof” Is Outstanding 3.3 The Effect of “Saint Anselm’s Proof” on a Young Mind References Chapter 4: Albert the Great Among the Pygmies: Explaining Animal Intelligence in the Thirteenth Century Bibliography Primary Sources Secondary Sources Part II: Aquinas Chapter 5: “The Essential Differentiae of Things are Unknown to Us”: Thomas Aquinas on the Limits of the Knowability of Natural Substances 5.1 Accidents Give a Great Contribution to the Knowledge of What a Thing Is 5.2 The Essential Differentiae are Unknown to Us 5.3 We Impose Names on Things Moving from Their Accidents 5.4 Conclusion: About the Skepticism of Aquinas Bibliography Chapter 6: Aquinas, perversor philosophiae suae Bibliography Chapter 7: Knowing Non-existent Natures: A Problem for Aquinas’s Semantics of Essence Bibliography Chapter 8: Metaphors, Dead and Alive 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Translatio and Proper Usage 8.3 Translatio and Imposition 8.4 Metaphor and Equivocals 8.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 9: Truth and Person in Aquinas’s De veritate 9.1 Truth and the Human Soul 9.2 Personhood and the Ground of Truth 9.3 Faith and Personal Knowledge Bibliography Chapter 10: Transcendentals Explained Through Syncategoremata: Is Being as Truth a Transcendental According to Thomas Aquinas? Bibliography Primary Sources Secondary Sources Chapter 11: Truth as a Transcendental 11.1 The Transcendentals in General 11.2 Ontological Truth 11.3 Some Implications Bibliography Part III: Ockham and Buridan Chapter 12: Four Notes on the Grammar of Ockham’s Mental Language 12.1 The Structure of Summa Logicae I, 3 12.2 Ockham’s Grammatical Source 12.3 The “Quality” of Names 12.4 The “Figure” of Names and Verbs 12.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 13: Thoughts About Things: Aquinas, Buridan and Late Medieval Nominalism 13.1 History? 13.2 Semantics 13.3 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 14: Buridan’s Reinterpretation of Natural Possibility and Necessity 14.1 Degrees of Necessity 14.2 The Necessity of Natural Cycles 14.3 Causal Necessity and Contingency 14.4 Concluding Remarks Bibliography Primary Sources Secondary Sources Chapter 15: The Semantic Account of Formal Consequence, from Alfred Tarski Back to John Buridan 15.1 Introduction 15.2 From Classical Consequence Back to Tarski 15.2.1 Classical Consequence Today 15.2.1.1 Classical Syntax 15.2.1.2 Classical Semantics 15.2.2 Tarskian Consequence 15.2.2.1 Tarskian Models 15.2.2.2 Tarskian Domains 15.2.2.3 Summary 15.3 Buridan’s Theory of Formal Consequence 15.3.1 Preliminaries 15.3.2 Formal and Material Consequence 15.4 Formal Consequence from Tarski Back to Buridan 15.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 16: Skeptical Motivators in Buridan’s Philosophy of Science 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Purposes and Kinds of Indemonstrable Principles 16.3 Induction 16.4 Intellectus 16.5 Conclusion Bibliography Part IV: Other Scholastics Chapter 17: Parody or Touch-Up? Duns Scotus’s Engagement with Anselm’s Proslogion Argument 17.1 The Parody 17.2 Scotus’s Formulation of the Proslogion Argument 17.3 Scotus’s Touch 17.4 Conclusion Bibliography Primary Sources Secondary Sources Chapter 18: De se vs. de facto Ontology in Late-Medieval Realism 18.1 Pseudo-Campsall and Brinkley on Universals 18.1.1 What Are Universals? 18.1.2 The de se/de facto Distinction 18.2 Comparison with Other Medieval Views 18.2.1 Negative Delimitations 18.2.2 Positive Delimitations 18.3 Evaluation 18.3.1 A (Needed) Recap 18.3.2 The de se/de facto Distinction and Moderate Realism 18.4 Conclusion Bibliography Primary Sources Secondary Sources Chapter 19: Connotation vs. Extrinsic Denomination: Peter Auriol on Intentions and Intellectual Cognition 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Focusing the Target: Brito’s View of Intentions and Cognitive Acts 19.2.1 Brito on Intentions 19.2.2 The Relation Between Cognitive Acts and Their Objects 19.3 Modelling the View: Auriol’s Rebuttal of Brito’s Thesis 19.3.1 Intentions and Cognitive Acts 19.3.2 The Relation Between Cognitive Acts and their Objects 19.4 Auriol’s View: Intellectual Cognition as Connotation 19.5 Conclusion Bibliography Manuscripts Primary Sources Secondary Sources Chapter 20: Temporal Origins Essentialism and Gappy Existence in Marsilius of Inghen’s Quaestiones super libros De generatione et corruptione 20.1 Buridan and Oresme on Gappy Existence and Origins Essentialism 20.2 Marsilius on Origins Essentialism and Gappy Existence 20.3 How Plausible Is Marsilius’s Position? Bibliography Chapter 21: John of Ripa and the Metaphysics of Christology 21.1 God as Formal Cause 21.2 Ripa’s Christology Bibliography Afterword Gyula Klima as Medievalist: A Select Bibliographical Essay Introduction Gyula Klima’s Contributions in the History of Semantics Decoupling via antiqua and via moderna Semantics from Metaphysics Ontological Neutrality and Independence Pluralism, Linguistic Imperialism, and the Problem of Cross-Cultural Communication John Buridan Klima as Historian Conclusion Bibliography Abstracts Introduction: In Appreciation of Gyula Klima, by Joshua P. Hochschild Chapter 1: Pythagoras, the Philosopher and Grammar Teacher (Br. Lib. Add. MS 37516 recto), by István Bodnár Chapter 2: Abelard on Existential Inference, by Peter King Chapter 3: Rereading “Saint Anselm’s Proof”, by Daniel Patrick Moloney Chapter 4: Albert the Great Among the Pygmies: Explaining Animal Intelligence in the Thirteenth Century, by Peter G. Sobol Chapter 5: “The Essential Differentiae of Things are Unknown to Us”: Thomas Aquinas on the Limits of the Knowability of Natural Substances, by Fabrizio Amerini Chapter 6: Aquinas, perversor philosophiae suae, by Gábor Borbély Chapter 7: Knowing Non-existent Natures: A Problem for Aquinas’s Semantics of Essence, by Turner C. Nevitt Chapter 8: Metaphors, Dead and Alive, by Martin Klein Chapter 9: Truth and Person in Aquinas’s De veritate, by Robert J. Dobie Chapter 10: Transcendentals Explained Through Syncategoremata: Is Being as Truth a Transcendental According to Thomas Aquinas?, by Giovanni Ventimiglia Chapter 11: Truth as a Transcendental, by Edward Feser Chapter 12: Four Notes on the Grammar of Ockham’s Mental Language, by Claude Panaccio Chapter 13: Thoughts About Things: Aquinas, Buridan and Late Medieval Nominalism, by Calvin G. Normore Chapter 14: Buridan’s Reinterpretation of Natural Possibility and Necessity, by Guido Alt Chapter 15: The Semantic Account of Formal Consequence, from Alfred Tarski Back to John Buridan, by Jacob Archambault Chapter 16: Skeptical Motivators in Buridan’s Philosophy of Science, by Ariane Economos Chapter 17: Parody or Touch-Up? Duns Scotus’s Engagement with Anselm’s Proslogion Argument, by Giorgio Pini Chapter 18: De se vs. de facto Ontology in Late-Medieval Realism, by Laurent Cesalli Chapter 19: Connotation vs. Extrinsic Denomination: Peter Auriol on Intentions and Intellectual Cognition, by Giacomo Fornasieri Chapter 20: Temporal Origins Essentialism and Gappy Existence in Marsilius of Inghen’s Quaestiones super libros De generatione et corruptione, by Adam Wood Chapter 21: John of Ripa and the Metaphysics of Christology, by Richard Cross Afterword: Gyula Klima as Medievalist: A Select Bibliographical Essay, by Jacob Archambault