Metaphysics of the Excluded: On the Relationship between Matter, Construction, and Reality in Butler and Kant

For more than 30 years, Judith Butler's thesis that gender is constructed has led to unresolved misunderstandings and conflicting interpretations. This work engages with Butler's constructivism epistemologically and develops the thesis that Butler is misunderstood for the very reasons their philosophy critiques: the necessities of thought imposed by traditional metaphysics and its dualistic conceptual framework. "Matter" is not a neutral or prediscursive concept but is always already embedded in a gendered discourse and functions as the constitutively excluded. Kantian epistemology serves here as both an example of implicitly misogynistic philosophy and a framework to understand the misinterpretations of Butler as well as the fundamental epistemological issue―the relationship between the knowing subject and "reality". What does it mean for Butler that even material aspects are constructed yet real, without developing an idealistic concept of reality? Abbreviations Acknowledgment Contents 1 Introduction 2 Dualism: A Sexual Tradition 2.1 The Difference between Sex and Gender 2.2 Plato’s Phantasm/Irigaray’s Constitutive Outside 2.3 Kant’s Constitutive Outside: The Thing-in-itself 3 Butler’s Constructivism 3.1 Productive Repression and Performativity 3.2 Constructed but Real—between Idealism and Materialism 4 Reflection References